THE SUMMERHILL EXPERIMENT - раздел Философия, TEST 1. Summerhill Began As An Experimental School. It Is Now A Demonstration Scho...
1. Summerhill began as an experimental school. It is now a demonstration school, for it demonstrates that freedom works. When starting the school, we had one main idea: to make the school fit the child – instead of making the child fit the school. Having taught in ordinary school for many years, I knew the other way very well. it was wrong because it was based on an adult conception of what a child should learn. The other way dated from those days when psychology was still an unknown science.
2. We decided to make a school in which we should allow children freedom to be themselves. In order to do this, we had to renounce all discipline, all direction, all suggestion, all moral training, all religious instruction. It required a complete belief in the child as a good, not an evil being. For almost forty years, this belief has become a final faith. If left to himself without adult suggestion of any kind, he will develop as far as he is capable of developing.
3. What is Summerhill like? For one thing, lessons are optional. Children can go to them or stay away from them – for years if they want to. There is a timetable – but only for teachers. The children have classes usually according to their age, but sometimes according to their interest. We have no new methods of teaching, because we do not consider that teaching in itself matters very much. Whether a school has or has not a special method for teaching long division is of no significance, for long division is of no importance except to those who want to learn it. And the child who wants to learn long division will learn it no matter how taught.
4. Children who come to Summerhill as kindergarteners attend lessons from the beginning of their stay, but pupils from other schools vow that they will never attend any lessons again at any time. They play and cycle and get in people’s way, but they fight shy of lessons. This sometimes goes on for months. Summerhill is possibly the happiest school in the world. I seldom hear a child cry, because children when free have much less hate to express than children who are depressed. Love means approving of children, and that is essential in any school.
Определите, является ли утверждение:
In Summerhill school there is no timetable for pupils.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) истинным
3) ложным
ЗАДАНИЕ28 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Определите, является ли утверждение:
They wanted children to be disciplined at school.
1) истинным
2) в тексте нет информации
3) ложным
ЗАДАНИЕ29 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Определите, является ли утверждение:
There is no moral training and religious institutions in Summerhill School.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
ЗАДАНИЕ30 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Определите, является ли утверждение:
Children can develop their best abilities being taught at home under the guidance of their parents.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
ЗАДАНИЕ31 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The idea of Summerhill School is to make school attractive and acceptable for children.
1) 4 2) 1
3) 2 4) 3
ЗАДАНИЕ32 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Summerhill is a school where children know they are loved and approved of.
1) 4 2) 3
3) 1 4) 2
ЗАДАНИЕ33 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Ответьте на вопрос:
What experiment did they do in Summerhill? They allowed children …
1) to be out of school for years.
2) to express their hatred for lessons.
3) to attend only the lessons they want.
4) to cry at the lessons.
ЗАДАНИЕ34 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Определите основную идею текста
1) Special activities help children to fight shy of lessons.
2) At school children should be free and happy and develop as they can develop.
3) It is not necessary to have special methods of teaching.
4) Children should have classes according to their interests.
ЗАДАНИЕ Выберите один вариант ответа... The importance of in intercultural communication is difficult to... economy policy...
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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
1. Cognitive psychology is a school of thought in psychology that examines internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language. It had its foundations in the Gestalt psychology.
LEVELS OF MENTAL ORGANIZATION
1. We greatly underestimate consciousness when we attempt to redefine it as merely awareness or selective attention. Consciousness seems closer to the higher intellectual functions such as structur
TRAIT THEORIES IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY
1. Personality psychology studies personality based on theories of individual differences. One emphasis in this area is so construct a coherent picture of a person and his or her major psychologica
ROLE IN CURRICULAR DESIGN
1. The family and government want to play a part in setting up and controlling formal and many informal means of education. In the more-developed societies teachers are employed to do the work of e
PERCEPTION
1. Perception (in humans) is the process whereby sensory stimulation is translated into organized experience. That experience, or percept, is the joint product of the stimulation and of the process
UNCONSCIOUS
1. Unconscious is the complex of mental activities within an individual that proceeded without his awareness. Sigmund Freud stated that such unconscious processes may affect a person’s behaviour ev
THE WORKSHOP OF THE WORLD
1. During the 19th century Britain was transformed from a mainly agricultural society into an industrial one. This change has been called the Industrial Revolution because of the dramatic effect it
UNIVERSITIES IN THE UK
1. Universities in Britain are a magnet for students all over the world. There’re currently over 250,000 from outside Britain studying at British universities. The largest single group is Chinese s
Agenda Topics
3:25 – 3:45 Financial Review John White, Financial Director
Discussion
White, Financial Director, provided a comprehensive update on the Company’s financial pla
THE FATHER OF AMERICAN PUBLIC EDUCATION
1. Perhaps it was his own lack of adequate schooling that inspired Horace Mann to work so hard for the important reforms in education that he accomplished. While he was a boy, his father and older
TEST 10
ЗАДАНИЕ 1 Выберите один вариант ответа
We should think of the Earth as a large ____. All the animals and plants depend on each other.
1) environment 2) ecology
MOTIVATION
1. Motivation is an internal state that activates, guides and sustains behavior. Educational psychology research on motivation is concerned with the volition or will that students b
TEST 11
ЗАДАНИЕ 1 Выберите один вариант ответа
When you own a house you have to pay a local tax on property called ____.
1) mortgage 2) income tax
3) value added
CLOTHING SIGNALS
1. It is impossible to wear clothes without transmitting social signals. Every costume tells a story about its wearer. Even those people who insist that they don’t pay attention to
TEST 12
ЗАДАНИЕ 1 Выберите один вариант ответа
Will the 3.30 appointment be ____ for you?
1) comfortable 2) convenient
3) cosy 4) profitable
TRAINING AND PROMOTION
1. In all industrialised countries managers are typically recruited from university or postsecondary technical-school graduates. It is becoming rare for blue-collar workers without
TEST 13
ЗАДАНИЕ 1 Выберите один вариант ответа
The ____ means mass communication, such as television, radio, the press.
1) interaction 2) broadcasting
3) knowled
MAN AND HIS PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
1. The Earth is known to be several billion years old. Throughout this span of time the environment has been constantly changing – sometimes very slow, but at other times quite rapidly. It proves t
TEST 14
ЗАДАНИЕ1 Выберите один вариант ответа
The graduates from our University take a ____ course to get the Candidate of Science Degree.
1) postgraduate 2) finishing
WORKING RELATIONSHIPS
1. Getting on well with colleagues, as anyone who works in an office knows, is a vital element in our working lives. Many office jobs involve a great deal of time spent talking. One British study o
TEST 15
ЗАДАНИЕ1 Выберите один вариант ответа
She got ____ in personnel management from a private college.
1) a diploma 2) qualifications
3) an application form
THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
1. There’s no single science of society or science of humanity. Instead, there are several branches of learning that deal with the origins and activities of human groups. The size of such groups ra
TEST 16
ЗАДАНИЕ 1 Выберите один вариант ответа
In some countries the educational system is based on streaming which means that children are educated according to their ____.
DO WE HAVE TO BE VIOLENT?
1. For centuries philosophers, psychologists and anthropologists have tried to explain why men behave violently. Some psychologists think that violence or aggressiveness is an instinct which we are
TEST 17
ЗАДАНИЕ1 Выберите один вариант ответа
The ____ of the classes at school is compulsory.
1) attitude 2) admitting
3) attendance 4) advertisement
&
RELIGION
1. As a word religion is difficult to define, but as a human experience it is widely familiar. The 20th century German-born US theologian Paul Tillich gave a simple and basic definition of the word
TEST 18
ЗАДАНИЕ1 Выберите один вариант ответа
Keep your mouth shut and your ____ open.
1) mind 2) eyes
3) ears 4) heart
ЗАДАНИЕ2
TEST 19
ЗАДАНИЕ1 Выберите один вариант ответа
____ building in the workplace creates a sense of collective responsibility.
1) Team 2) Power
3) Conflict 4) Comput
TEACHING METHODS
1. A teacher is someone acknowledged as a guide or helper in processes of learning. A teacher’s role may vary between cultures. Academic subjects are emphasized in many societies, but a teacher’s d
TEST 20
ЗАДАНИЕ1 Выберите один вариант ответа
Great Britain is famous for the art of ____ dictionaries.
1) constructing 2) compiling
3) composing 4) collecting
ADDITIONAL LEXICAL TEST
№1. Parents should be able to prevent their children’s crimes or bad ____ .
1) behaviour 2) development 3) learning 4) self-control
№2. A branch
GLOSSARY
Ability: 1) something that you are able to do, especially because you have a particular mental or physical skill; 2) someone’s, especially a student’s, level of intelligence or ski
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