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Tendencies in the incidence of stress in English.

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Tendencies in the incidence of stress in English.

Tendencies in the incidence of stress in English. - раздел Образование, Билет 1 Languages Are Also Differentiated According To The Place Of Word Stress. The ...

Languages are also differentiated according to the place of word stress. The traditional classification of languages concerning place of stress in a word is into those with a fixed stress and those with a free stress:

1.Fixed stress – all the words have a stressed syllable in one and the same position in relation to the beginning or the end of the word. French- the main accent is tied to the last syllable of the word. Czech- the main accent falls on the initial syllable of each word and gram. form of a word(+Finnish, Estonian, Polish)

2.Leng.with Free stress (E,R) – stress may occur on any syllable of the word.

- constant accent- remains on the same morpheme in different grammatical forms of a word or in different derivatives from one root.

- Shifting accent- falls an different morphemes in different gram.forms of the word: сад-сады, вода-водовоз.

The word stress in English as well as in Russian is not only free but it may also be shifting, performing the semantic function of differentiating lexical units, parts of speech, grammatical forms. In English word stress is used as a means of word-building; in Russian it marks both word-building and word formation, e.g. 'contrast — con'trast; 'habit — habitual 'music — mu'sician; дома — дома; чудная — чудная, воды — воды.

Languages are classified as to the place of sgress in order to decide on stress-placement it is necessary to take into consideration the following factors:

The word is:

morphologically simple, complex or compound
the grammatical category to which the word belongs (noun, verb adj.)
the number of syllables in the word
the phonological structure of the syllables (syl. wait)

English has a hybrid stress-system

Tendencies:

1.Recessive - in Germanic lang-s the word stress originally fell on the initial syllable of the root syllable of a word.

Words of anglo-sax. origin and French words borrowed bfore the 15^th cent are subjected to the recessive tendency.

If the word has a prefix which has lost its meaning the stress falls on the root syllable. (ago)

-Unrestricted recessive stress – falls on the initial syllable (if there is no a prefix which has lost its meaning)- father, mother, wonder.

-Restricted- falls on the root of native English words with a prefix which has lost its meaning: among, before, forget.

2. Rhythmical tendency- The rhythm of alternating stressed and unstressed syllables gave birth to the rhythmical tendency in the present-day English which caused the appearance of the secondary stress in the multisyllabic French borrowings, e.g. revolution, organi'sation, assimilation, etc. It also explains the placement of primary stress on the third syllable from the end in three- and four-syllable words, e.g. 'cinema, 'situate, ar'ticulate. The interrelation of both the recessive and the rhythmical tendencies is traced in the process of accentual assimilation of the French-borrowed word personal on the diachronic level, e.g. perso'nal — 'perso'nal — 'personal.

historical rhythm- French borrowing with the stress on the last syllable: redicálàrádi,cal(+secondary stress)à radical.

In Eng there are many short words. Long fr. Words were pronounces with 2 stresses, then the second stress disappeared.

The result of this process in Modern Eng is that majority of 3-4 syllabic words with one accent are stressed on the third syllable from the end, and thus stress is called rhythmical.

3. Retentive- a derivative retains the stress of the original words (person- personal).Semantic factor- compound numerals and adj and words with meaningful prefixes like ex-president have one and the same stress pattern.

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Билет 1

Semantic and enclitic approaches to rhythmic units of speech Analyze the two approaches in the following phrase Mr Wilson is in the hospital... Eng SR a regular reoccurrence of stressed syl s Many linguists feel that... The semantic p of v acc to it the unstressed syllables tend to be drawn to the stressed one of the same word or to...

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DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO THE PROBLEM OF PHONEME. THE DEFINITION OF PHONEME
Each language has a limited number of sound-types (звукотипы) that are shared by all speakers of the language and are linguistically important because they distin

Aims of communication and phonetic means in formal and informal communication.
For the English language RP is most appropriate for public speaking, formal occasions. The standard is stylistically differentiated, as there are situations when

The units of rhythm in prose and verse.
For many years the object of phonet.analysis was a short sentence(one sense-group). However, the analysis of larger text units( long complex sentences- Superphras.unit) contributed a lot to the tre

Functional or
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Consonants
a) In GA [r] is retroflex (pronounced with the tip of the tongue curled back). At least 3 degrees of retroflexion which affect the preceding vowel:

National standards
§ RP (Received Pronunciation), or BBC English, in the UK; § GA (General American), or American Network English, in the USA; § GenCan

Functions of syllable. The notions of open and close juncture. Phonetic means of open juncture
There are two very important functions of syllable. 1) constitutive.- its ability to be a part of a word or a word itself. The syllable forms language units of greater magnitude: w

Attitudinal meaning of the constituents of the melodic contour.
In Brit. Trad. Some scientists say Melody has no meaning and its meaning is totally depended on context. However there is evidence to the contrary. The independ. Character of tonal meanings is born

PHONETIC BASIS. ARTICULATORY BASIS: STATIC AND DYNAMIC APPROACHES
Phonetic basis suggests a number of the most typical pronunciation tendencies of the language. These tendencies are perceived by listeners as a certain “colouring” of the lan

Subsidiary.
The actual speech sounds are allophones or variants of the phoneme. Allophones of one and the same phoneme are phonetically similar. They don’t contrast with one another. F.e. English phon

The main approaches to the description of melody( British and American schools).
Speech Melody –most meaning carrying component of the Intonation; the variation in the pitch of the voice in connected speech. Major approaches to the form of melodic units.

Structural function
The speaker has to organize and the listener has to identify the hierarchy of information units starting from the most prominent syllable in a word, the most prominent word in an into

Social function
Our oral speech can give info to the listener about his gender, age, education, place – domain of prosody. Prosody is an important marker of personal or social identity: lawyers, preachers, newscas

Stylistic
Each functional style and each function of speech has its own characteristics in melody, tempo, loudness, voice quality, pause. Official style (frequent use of the gradually descending scale

Typology of accentual structures
(из лекций): Degrees of stress 1) primary (strong) 2) secondary (alw preceeds the primary stress: e*xami*nation); 3) tertiary (alw follow th

The specific character of English prosodic basis as compared with Russian.
Prosody is “a term used in suprasegmental phonetics and phonology to refer collectively to variations in pitch, loudness, tempoand

Vowel quality which depends on the height and the front-back position of the tongue.
According to the vertical position of the tongue, vowels can be: a) close (high): - narrow [i:], [u:] - broad [i], [u], [iə], [uə] b) mid:

Word stress
a) The differences in stress are also lexically determined, and, therefore, and hard to generalize: RP a¢ddress, ¢adult, prin¢cess, ¢detail;

SOCIAL VARIATIONS IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION. SOCIAL FACTORS AND PHONETIC MARKERS
In all English-speaking countries there exists a close and obvious connection between language and social class: speech stratification correlates with social stratification. But onl

FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION
The principal functions of I. are: 1) Communicative – the change in melody/tone leads to the change of the communicative type of the utterance. (command, r

THE ORPHOEPIC NORM OF ENGLISH (RP) AND ITS TYPES
The conditions for a variety of English pronunciation to be accepted as the orthoepic norm are 1.recognition of the fact that RP has the “prestige a

Standard Scottish Pronunciation.
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INTONATION AND PROSODY. THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THESE NOTIONS
These terms are used interchangeably, as synonyms. Some linguists although strongly object to such a confusion (Artemov, Zlatousova, Svetozarova). Broadly speaking,

Factor which determine the variety of phonetic styles.
Phonostylistics deals with phonetic styles, which are- different ways of pronunciation determined by extralinguist.factors and characterized by specific phonetic features.So

The meaning of tones and scales.
The falling tone is most common in statements, special questions, commands and exclamations. The rising tone is common in non-final parts of statements, in general questions, requests and warnings.