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An Overview of Specific Immune Responses

An Overview of Specific Immune Responses - раздел Образование, E 2.2 Immunological reactions of organism Immune Responses Are Highly Complex And Regulated, And They Represent One Of ...

Immune responses are highly complex and regulated, and they represent one of the most elegant and coordinated networks of cells and chemicals in the body. To present this system in an organized and clear manner, we have found it helpful to divide it into separate but related sections, each detailing some event in development or the immune response. The sections and pages of coverage are as follows:

I.Development and differentiation of the immune system

II.Lymphocytes, maturation, and the nature of antigens

III.Cooperation between lymphocytes during antigen presentation

IV.B lymphocyte responses and the production and actions of antibodies

V.T-lymphocyte responses

As we explore the information contained in these sections, we will be following a “map” of sorts. Figure 2lays out the flow of the main stages and will serve to coordinate the presentation. It also includes figure numbers that enlarge on the topics in that section.

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E 2.2 Immunological reactions of organism

Plan... Complement A Versatile Backup... Overall Stages in the Complement Cascade Specific Immunity The Adaptive Line of Defense...

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The Role of Antigen Processing and Presentation
8. B-Cell Responses: Activation of B Lymphocytes: Clonal Selection, Expansion, and Antibody Production 1. Complement: A Versatile Backup System

Overall Stages in the Complement Cascade
In general, the complement cascade goes through four stages: initiation, amplification and cascade, polymerization, and membrane attack. The starting reaction requires some type of initiator molecu

The Role of Antigen Processing and Presentation
In most immune reactions, the antigen is in a “raw” state and must be further acted upon by antigen-presenting cells (APCs)before it is presented to T cells. Three different cells

Figure 3. Interactions between antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T helper (CD4) cells required for T-cell activation.
  A few antigens can trigger a response from B lymphocytes without the cooperation of APCs or T helper cells. These T-cell-independent antigens are usually simple molecules suc

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