Appendix

Appendix. Introducing new language examples. a Physical surroundings prepositions.

The teacher starts by producing some objects. They can be very ordinary, for example a stapler, a pen, a bag, a pencil, a pencil case, etc. The teacher elicits the words for these objects from the students and if they do not know them models the words and leads choral and or individual repetition.

The teacher gives one of the objects a book. for example to one of the better students and then says something like Put the book on the table. If the student docs not understand the teacher helps by pointing and by gesture. When the student has put the book on the table the teacher says Well done and then chooses another student who is told to Put the ruler in the box, etc. As the students gradually do what they are asked they are getting wonderful listening practice.

The teacher now asks the students if they can give instructions thus eliciting the new language. When the students give their instructions the teacher will decide whether it is necessary to interrupt and model some or all of the new language or whether to move straight on to the immediate creativity stage where students are giving whatever instructions they want within reason As a written stage the teacher can write up some instructions on the board as models.

Students can now be asked to write their own instructions which they give to their classmates who then have to do what is written there. b Likes and dislikes This presentation will consist of two stages. In the first students will learn to say Do you like ? and in the second they will be presented with He she likes doesn t like. The teacher starts the sequence by asking students Do you like coffee With mime and expression he or she will soon convey the meaning of the question and a student will answer Yes or No. The teacher then gets choral and individual repetition of the answers Yes I do No, I don t if this is necessary.

For a very brief period the teacher asks students questions and they give their answers. Then the teacher elicits the question which the students have heard the teacher using. If necessary the question is explained and the teacher goes through the accurate reproduction stage, cueing students to ask and answer different questions. The students then work in pairs doing the same thing.

This is a form of immediate creativity. While the students are working in pairs the teacher puts the following on the blackboard NAME FISH CAVIAR SPAGHETTI LIVER BANANAS The teacher selects a student, for example, Carlos, and puts his name in the name column. The other students now ask him whether he likes the items on the chart and the teacher puts a tick V if he does and a cross X if he doesn t. The procedure is now repeated with other students until the chart looks like this NAME FISH CAVIAR SPAGHETTI LIVER BANANAS Carlos V V X V X Maria V X V X V Juan X X V V V Ctl WI V V V V V The teacher then asks the students what they can say about Carlos and fish, hoping to elicit Carlos likes fish. This new presentation of the third person singular of the present simple with likes now proceeds in the normal way using Carlos likes and dislikes for the accurate reproduction stage and the other preferences for immediate creativity.

The teacher can later introduce the question Does Carlos like fish etc. For the introduction of writing the teacher can use the fill-in idea see a above or the students can see the following model Carlos likes fish, caviar and liver, but he doesn t like spaghetti or bananas.

They can then be asked to write similar sentences about one of the other names on the list. This is a simple form of parallel writing. c Using hands and gestures Teachers can use their hands and various gestures to make grammatical form clearer. One of the things we often need to do is to show how a full grammatical form is contracted in speech.

One way of explaining this to beginning students is to use the fingers of one hand to represent the different parts of the sentence, e.g. Figure As we say the words we point to the fingers of the hand which represent those words.

Now we can show how I do not like pears becomes I dont like pears Figure The use of the fingers has given a graphic description to the class. We can pretend to hold the word do in one hand and not in the other. By bringing the hands together we show how don t is formed. d Explaining statements In this case the teacher wishes to explain such model as She goes to school. Here is a procedure we can follow Stage I The teacher says the sentence in a normal way with a clear voice using correct stress and intonation. This may he done two or three times.

Stage 2 The teacher isolates a particular feature of the model. Stage 3 The teacher distorts this feature showing how it is constructed. Stage 4 The teacher returns to the isolated element. Stage 5 The teacher gives the normal model again. We can represent this procedure in Figure Figure Sometimes, however, the teacher may not have to distort the isolated feature where it is only a one syllable word. Where there is more than one item that needs isolating the teacher goes through the procedure in Figure. with the first item to be isolated and then repeats the sequence with the second item. The following example clearly shows the procedure in action.

The teacher wishes to isolate both the verb form and the pronunciation T Listen she goes to school she goes to school listen goes goes go z go z goes she goes to school listen she goes to school. The teacher may back up this oral explanation by writing the following on the blackboard She goes to school.

The use of a box to highlight the main grammar points helps to focus the students attention on that point. e Explaining question forms When we have to do the same kind of explanation for a question form we may follow the same procedure as for a above. However, particularly where a question form is taught after the affirmative version of the same grammar point has already been the subject of practice, some extra techniques may help the students to understand the form of the question.

Unlike many languages English uses inversion to signal a question. Thus if we take an affirmative sentence such as He is running we find that the equivalent question form has the subject and the auxiliary in a different order, e.g. Is he running Even where we put a question word such as which, what, how, when, etc. at the beginning of the question this inversion is still used. Students of English frequently find this confusing. When introducing a question teachers will follow the same procedure as for a above.

They will, however, isolate and distort in a slightly different way, and it will be advisable to use the blackboard and or gesture to make the inversion clear. Suppose we wished to explain the question model Is he running? We might do it in the following way T Listen Is he running? Is he running? listen he is running? no teacher shakes head and crosses arms in un inversion gesture Is he running? Is he running? We can write the following on the blackboard at the same time He is running Is he running The receptive grammar skills The reproductive grammar skills Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Yura 3 3 2 3 3 Tanya 3 3 3 3 3 Andrey 3 3 2 3 3 Maxim 1 2 1 1 2 Sasha 2 3 1 2 2 Misha Ag 1 2 2 2 2 Yana 3 3 3 2 3 Dima 3 3 3 2 3 Sveta 3 3 3 3 3 Zhenya 3 3 3 3 3 Natasha 3 3 3 2 3 Vova 2 2 2 2 2 Tolya 3 3 3 2 3 Vasya 3 3 2 3 3 Misha Ab 3 3 3 3 3 1 - more than 3 grammar mistakes 2 - 1-2 grammar mistakes 3 - 0 grammar mistakes The results can be commented in levels. 80 - those children who have the receptive grammar skill 20 - those children who have a part of the receptive grammar skill 71 - those children who have the reproductive grammar skill 20 - those children who have a part of the reproductive grammar skill 9 - those children who have no reproductive skill Conclusion.

In order to understand a language and express oneself correctly one must assimilate the grammar mechanism of a language.

Indeed, one may know all the words in a sentence and yet fail to understand it, if one does not see the relationship between the words in the given sentence.

And vice versa, a sentence may contain one, two, and more unknown words but if one has a good knowledge of the structure of the language one can easily guess the meanings of these words or at least find them in a dictionary, No speaking is possible without the knowledge of grammar, without the forming of a grammar mechanism. Children need grammar to be able to speak, and write in the target language.

Our aim is to form grammar skills and prevent children from making grammar mistakes in their speech. The aim of foreign languages in primary schools is to develop pupils skills in order to understand speech and participate in conversation. The method and techniques the teacher should use in teaching children of primary school is the direct method and various techniques which can develop pupils listening comprehension and speaking.

We have examined two kinds of grammar skills the reproductive and receptive grammar skills. The reproductive grammar skills give pupils an opportunity to make up their own sentences in oral and written forms in other words to communicate and the receptive grammar skills give them an opportunity to read texts or aud and understand it. To master the reproductive grammar skills one should study the basic sentences or models grammar is presented as itself in the basic sentences, to master the receptive grammar skills one should identify and analyze the grammar item. We teach children to read by means of grammar.

It reveals the relationship between the words in the given sentence. We have such a conclusion that the forming of grammar skills depends on training. Training is of great importance to realize the grammar item. We must use a lot of training exercises for the assimilation of grammar. We should provide the motivation of learn English, encourage children to communicate and remember that the correction of errors in the early stages of a language course may foster the following negative aspects children lose confidence when they have fear of making grammar mistakes.

Children become reluctant to take risks they only the say the information they know they can say. School practice helped me to realize the importance of training exercises and the role of the individual approach to teaching the children of the primary school, Besides, the teacher must have a clear idea of the grammar of the language, its structure and usage everything he teaches must be based on it he should always be conscious of introducing or practicing some point of grammar.

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