Main characteristics of the Sentence, its notion, models of the Sentence.
Main characteristics of the Sentence, its notion, models of the Sentence. - раздел Образование, THEORETICAL GRAMMAR Main Characteristics Of The Sentence Are The Following:
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Main characteristics of the Sentence are the following:
Syntactic autonomy (the absence of grammatical indices of being included into a bigger structure: in comparison with the Word-combination which has the grammatical indices of being included into the bigger structure – the Sentence).
For example:
Him go – WC, is not an autonomic structure;
I saw him go home – a sentence, autonomic structure which includes the WC given above.
Grammatically closed structure (has only inner syntactic connections, syntactically is not connected with other sentences of the bigger structure which is the Text).
For example:
They moved to another city. It was a new step in their life. Syntactically the two sentences in
She gave him a kiss. He took it and went away. J both examples are not connected
Integrity / целостность (impossibility to divide the Simple Sentence into the unites with the same indices and functions).
For example:
I gave him a book.
I asked him to bring a book. They are indivisible, inseparable unites. If divided, they become
I was given a book. word-combinations and loose the indices of the Sentence.
Intonation and grammatical completeness (all the necessary syntactic relations are realized).
For example:
I have brought is not a sentence, it is only a nuclear-free mutually dependent WC with
the primary predicativity of the elements of different classes.
I have brought you the good news is a sentence – all the relations are realized, the predicate
expressed by the transitive verb to bring has been completed.
Predicativity (relation of the content of the utterance presented in the form of a sentence to the Reality).
For example:
There is an unforgettable beautiful view seen from the top of the mountain (I see the view, get a motive to process this experience, process it, have some cognitive information – knowledge about the view, want to present the knowledge to another person; for that I cognitively code it into the language signs, coordinate them according to the grammatical rules and finally speak it out in my utterance in the form of a sentence).
The notion of the Sentence:the Sentence is an autonomic unity which expresses a complete thought/idea and realizes all the necessary grammatical relations and connections of the included elements (members of the Sentence).
Model of the Sentence is an etalon /standard scheme or formula which is abstract from a concrete lexical filling and includes necessary classes of words.
There are two general models of the Sentence: relative and structural (Drawing 8.1).
Relations of dependency and mutual dependency (inner syntactic connections among the components of the Sentence) are emphasized.
How the elements relate in the Sentence.
Positional, linear order of the words in the Sentence is emphasized. The components are studied from the point of view of their position and function in the Sentence.
How the elements are ordered in the Sentence and what functions they serve because of that.
Drawing 8.1. Two general Models of the Sentence
Positional (Structural) model implies the following structured content (Drawing 8.2).
are defined by the following indices:
a) Syntactic Location;
b) Morphological Form
c) Presence or absence of Syntacategorematic words
(which are not necessary to present a complete thought)
1) Attribute;
2) Prepositional Attribute;
3) Adverbial Modifier;
4) Parenthetical element
1) Subject
1) Object
2) Simple Predicate
2) Adverbial Modifiers (without which it is impossible to build a sentence)
3) Linking Verb
4) Subject complement
5) Predicative
Drawing 8.2. Scheme of the Structural Model of the Sentence
7.2. Classification of sentences. Structural Approach.
As for the structure Simple Sentence can be presented in the following scheme (tab. 8.1).
The Subject of Theoretical Grammar
Theoretical Grammaris a section of linguistics that studies grammar system of language.
Grammar system of language refers to the whole complex of conformitie
Kinds of Theoretical Grammar
To explain and interpreter a phenomenon means to reveal and understand its nature. Kinds of Theoretical Grammar are defined by different approaches to the problem of How to interpret lang
Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations.
As for the structure Theoretical Grammar can be stipulated by syntagmatic (distributive) or paradigmatic (transformative) relations.
Grammatical categories.
To the main notions in the study of Theoretical Grammar the following ones are included: grammatical category; grammatical form and grammatical meaning.
Grammatical Meaning d
The notions of the Word and the Morpheme
The word morphology is based on the two Greek words morpheme and logos.
Morpheme means form.
Logos was regarded as one of
Kinds of Morphemes
Kinds of Morphemes
Root
Affix (prefix, suffix)
Inflective
Principles of subdivision of parts of speech
The whole structure of Language is divided into lexical-grammatical classes or parts of speech.
Different linguistic schools ground different ways of lexical-grammatical cl
Classification of parts of speech
The biggest subdivision of parts of speech are the ones of Categorematic words (знаменательные слова) and Syntacategorematic/syntactic words (служебные слова). The
Theory of the field structure of the word.
Theory of the Morphological Field:
In a group of words there are ones which have all indications (signs) of a definite morphological part of speech; there are also words whic
The problem of the Gender of the English Noun.
The gender of an object, thing or phenomenon is expressed with lexical, but not grammatical, means (boy – girl, man – woman, bull – caw; he-goat – she-goat; star – it; window – it, ship – it/she, e
The category of the Number.
1. The category of the Number is based on the opposition of singularity and plurality.
For example:
parent – parents, tree –trees, man –men, life – l
The category of Case.
The Case
refers to the relations of an object/thing/phenomenon (which is denoted by a noun) to other objects, actions and signs, on the one hand, and
Functions and significance of the Article.
Functionally there are two forms of the Article – definite and indefinite. The forms are not changed. Though they have definite phonetic versions/the versions in pronunciation (drawing 4.1):
Functions and significance of the Article
There are three general functions of the Article: morphological, syntactic and semantic.
1). Morphological function of the Article.
Article is the main formal material morp
Grammatical Meaning of the Verb
The Verb refers to the Categorematic parts of speech:
it has lexical meaning and can take a definite syntactic position and serve some functions of a member of a sentence.
Semantic Classification
There are three main subclassifications that are based on the Principle of Meaning, both Lexical and Grammatical (tab. 5.2).
Table 5.2
Scheme of the 1
I Categories of the Finite Verbs
The Voice (Active, Passive): expresses relations of an action, its agent and object (an agent does an action (the Active Voice); an action is done over the agent or at the objec
Functions and Significance of the Non-Finite Forms
As for the morphological form there is a subdivision. They are said to be Simple Non-Finite forms and Analytical Non-Finite Forms.
Two morphological forms of the Non-F
Classification of Word-combinations
General Classification. All word-combinations (WC) can be divided into two general groups on the ground of:
4) Principle of Form (inner structure, grammatical morphological r
PRACTICE I
Task 1: join the given language elements thus to form sуntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between or among them.
Has been cleaning, meaning, an, has been peeled, bea
TEST I (S)
The task:match an item from the left column with its explanation given in the right one.
The Subject of Theoretical Grammar
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