Correspondence of Semantic Roles and their syntactic realisation
Correspondence of Semantic Roles and their syntactic realisation - раздел Образование, THEORETICAL GRAMMAR Semantic Role
(Reference To Reality)
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Semantic Role
(reference to Reality)
Meaning
Syntactic correspondence
(Linguistic expression of events of Reality)
Agent
An animated object which deliberately, purposefully commits an action
1. Subject
2. Direct Object
Patience
Any object (whether animated or unanimated) an action is directed to
1. Direct Object
2. Subject
Factitive
The result of an action
1. Direct Object
2. Subject
Benefactive
An object for the sake of which an action is committed
1. Indirect Object
2. Subject
Instrument
An instrument an action is committed
Indirect Object
Means
How an action is committed
Adverbial Modifier
Locative
Where an action is committed
Adverbial Modifier
For example:
1. Agent.
1). The man has brought a good news (Subject).
2). The news was brought by the man (Object).
2. Patience.
The man has brought a good news (Object).
The news was brought by the man (Subject).
3. Factitive.
The man has wrote a book of poems (Object).
A book of poems was wrote by the man (Subject).
4. Benefactive.
She gave him reasonable advice (Indirect Object).
He was given reasonable advice.
5. Instrument.
He wrote the letter with a pen (Indirect Object).
6. Means.
He wrote the letter thoughtfully (Adverbial Modifier).
7. Locative.
He wrote the letter in the hotel (Adverbial Modifier).
Semantic Roles in this or that way refer to an action (activity, state, existence). The Action is presented and emphasized. If there is no action, there is no cognitive intention to present it in utterance. Thus, Semantic Roles ground the Role Structure of the Verb. It includes all the possible relations (semantic maximum of the Verb) of a concrete verb with other possible components.
For example:
The Role Structure of the verb to show will include the following Semantic Roles:
He quickly showed her a wound on his left shoulder with the help of his right hand.
He (Agent) quickly (Means) showed her (Benefactive) a wound (Patience) on his left shoulder (Locative) with the help of his right hand (Instrument).
Schematically it (Role Structure) will be presented in the following way:
show [ – Agent, Benefactive, Patience]
In accordance with an event of Reality which is presented in utterance there is an appropriate selection of Semantic Roles of the Verb, which creates a definite Semantic Configuration of a sentence. In the basis of the Sentence there is a certain Semantic Configuration (an organization of a number of semantic roles and the meaning of an action). Semantic Configuration presents semantic minimum of the Sentence.
For example:
The Semantic Configuration of the following sentence will include the following Semantic Roles:
The man cut glass with a diamond.
The man (Agent) cut glass (Patience) with a diamond (Instrument).
Schematically it (Semantic Configuration) will be presented in the following way:
The Subject of Theoretical Grammar
Theoretical Grammaris a section of linguistics that studies grammar system of language.
Grammar system of language refers to the whole complex of conformitie
Kinds of Theoretical Grammar
To explain and interpreter a phenomenon means to reveal and understand its nature. Kinds of Theoretical Grammar are defined by different approaches to the problem of How to interpret lang
Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations.
As for the structure Theoretical Grammar can be stipulated by syntagmatic (distributive) or paradigmatic (transformative) relations.
Grammatical categories.
To the main notions in the study of Theoretical Grammar the following ones are included: grammatical category; grammatical form and grammatical meaning.
Grammatical Meaning d
The notions of the Word and the Morpheme
The word morphology is based on the two Greek words morpheme and logos.
Morpheme means form.
Logos was regarded as one of
Kinds of Morphemes
Kinds of Morphemes
Root
Affix (prefix, suffix)
Inflective
Principles of subdivision of parts of speech
The whole structure of Language is divided into lexical-grammatical classes or parts of speech.
Different linguistic schools ground different ways of lexical-grammatical cl
Classification of parts of speech
The biggest subdivision of parts of speech are the ones of Categorematic words (знаменательные слова) and Syntacategorematic/syntactic words (служебные слова). The
Theory of the field structure of the word.
Theory of the Morphological Field:
In a group of words there are ones which have all indications (signs) of a definite morphological part of speech; there are also words whic
The problem of the Gender of the English Noun.
The gender of an object, thing or phenomenon is expressed with lexical, but not grammatical, means (boy – girl, man – woman, bull – caw; he-goat – she-goat; star – it; window – it, ship – it/she, e
The category of the Number.
1. The category of the Number is based on the opposition of singularity and plurality.
For example:
parent – parents, tree –trees, man –men, life – l
The category of Case.
The Case
refers to the relations of an object/thing/phenomenon (which is denoted by a noun) to other objects, actions and signs, on the one hand, and
Functions and significance of the Article.
Functionally there are two forms of the Article – definite and indefinite. The forms are not changed. Though they have definite phonetic versions/the versions in pronunciation (drawing 4.1):
Functions and significance of the Article
There are three general functions of the Article: morphological, syntactic and semantic.
1). Morphological function of the Article.
Article is the main formal material morp
Grammatical Meaning of the Verb
The Verb refers to the Categorematic parts of speech:
it has lexical meaning and can take a definite syntactic position and serve some functions of a member of a sentence.
Semantic Classification
There are three main subclassifications that are based on the Principle of Meaning, both Lexical and Grammatical (tab. 5.2).
Table 5.2
Scheme of the 1
I Categories of the Finite Verbs
The Voice (Active, Passive): expresses relations of an action, its agent and object (an agent does an action (the Active Voice); an action is done over the agent or at the objec
Functions and Significance of the Non-Finite Forms
As for the morphological form there is a subdivision. They are said to be Simple Non-Finite forms and Analytical Non-Finite Forms.
Two morphological forms of the Non-F
Classification of Word-combinations
General Classification. All word-combinations (WC) can be divided into two general groups on the ground of:
4) Principle of Form (inner structure, grammatical morphological r
PRACTICE I
Task 1: join the given language elements thus to form sуntagmatic and paradigmatic relations between or among them.
Has been cleaning, meaning, an, has been peeled, bea
TEST I (S)
The task:match an item from the left column with its explanation given in the right one.
The Subject of Theoretical Grammar
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