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Английский язык
Английский язык - раздел Иностранные языки, Астраханский Государственный ...
АСТРАХАНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ
ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
ГУМАНИТАРНЫЙ ИНСТИТУТ
КАФЕДРА «ИНОСТРАННЫЕ ЯЗЫКИ В ИНЖЕНЕРНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКОМ ОБРАЗОВАНИИ»
Английский язык
Сборник иностранных текстов
АСТРАХАНЬ 2011Part 1. Знакомство
Exercise 1: Read and translate the text, learn the active vocabulary:
Let me introduce myself and my family
Now I want to tell you a few words about my family. My family is large. I’ve got a mother, a father, a sister, a brother, and a grandmother. There… I think I take after my father. I’m tall, fair-haired and even-tempered. I… We have got a lot of relatives. We are deeply attached to one another and we get on very well. We try to spend Sundays…About myself
Now let me describe my appearance. I am tall and slim and have fair hair and blue eyes. My friends say that I am pretty. I think I am just… I would like to tell you about my family. There are five people in our family.… Our family is very friendly, we have many friends. In summer many relatives come to visit us. And, of course, they use…Part 2. Путешествия.
Различные виды путешествий и их характеристики.
ACCOMMODATIONS AND CATERING
Camping or caravanning means travelling with one's own facilities for shelter… Guest house or a tourist home means a small establishment that accommodates travellers. They usually have relatively…EXERCISE 2 Read the text, understand its contents and give a short review of this text.
Before the age of railroads, travellers stayed at inns in the country or in small hotels — most of them family-owned — in the towns and cities. The… A feature of Europe is the pension, a small establishment with perhaps ten to… Many people travel to Europe because of its rich historical and cultural heritage. As a result, many old homes and…EXERCISE 3 Give answers to the following questions.
1 What kinds of accommodations are available to modern tourists?
2 Where were the first big hotels built? Why?
3 What typical features are for hotels in Europe?
4 What changes can be seen in the hotel industry today?
5 What kind of facilities do modern hotels contain?
6 What is the difference between the motel and the condominium?
7 What are the attractions of caravanning or camping?
8 What is a marina?
9 How do you understand the definition « the occupancy rate»?
10 What kind of features does the «packaged hotel» include?
11 What does catering involve?
12 Why is hotel business and catering important for development national economy?
TOURIST ATTRACTIONS AND ENTERTAINMENT
EXERCISE 4 Read the text and understand its contents.
Major tourist attractions include large cities like London, Moscow, Paris, New York; seashore areas in warm climates like the Caribbean and the… Actually, any place can become a tourist destination as long as it is… In addition to being major business centers, the large cities offer attractions and entertainment for all kinds of…EXERCISE 5 Give answers to the following questions.
1. What kind of places do major tourist attractions include?
2. Why are large cities able to absorb large number of tourists?
3. What places can offer historical or architectural interest besides the big cities?
4. Where can tourists find natural scenery? Why does it attract them?
5. What are the advantages of holiday resorts?
6. What other kinds of entertainment do they offer to their tourists?
7. Why do many people consider shopping to be an important attraction for tourists?
8. What kind of entertainment do most cruise ships offer?
9. What is the difference between the amusement and the theme parks?
10. What kind of entertainment or sightseeing can be included in packaged tours?
11. What activities does the sightseeing business include?
12. Why is it important to offer as much variety as possible to tourists?
EXERCISE 6 Make up a brief summary of the text.
A) There are twelve famous places on these pictures. Identify them and say…Famous sights Cities
Eeffil eortw dlnnoo
aciloopsr ndesyy
gbi neb aehnst
aesttu fo beilrty aiprs
aeopr ehosu enw kory
celmoossu emor
xnpshi tyger
lleb merorpe sisaru
Hyllodoow nigs SUA
Lisropoac cereeg
Anom isal necarf
Model: Picture 1 –Eiffel tower – Paris.
Picture 2-…
Picture 3- …
EXERCISE 9 Write a short review about one of the places, mentioned above (10-15 sentences), using the vocabulary from the texts.
Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
Фёдорова О.В. Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов специальности 230500 «Социально-культурный сервис и туризм» и студентов дополнительной квалификации «Переводчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации» / АГТУ; – Астрахань, 2005. – 118 с.
1. упражнение 3, стр.7 информация о первооткрывателях - выполнить задания указанные в упражнении
2. упражнение 5,6, стр.11-13 информация о первом кругосветном путешествии - выполнить задания указанные в упражнениях
3. упражнение 3, стр.7 информация о первом кругосветном путешествии - выполнить задания указанные в упражнении
4. упражнение 16, стр.24 информация в виде кроссворда о путешествиях, перевести задания и вставить недостающие слова, указанные в упражнении
EXERCISE 1
A) The texts below give the information about the pioneers of tourism. They produced an important influence on the development of tourism. Divide into three groups. Each group is going to read about one of these three pioneers of tourism-Thomas Cook, Freddie Laker, and Cesar Manrique. In your groups, fill in the information for your person in this chart
.
Name_________________________________________________________
Dates_________________________________________________________
Job or role in tourism___________________________________________
Achievements/ events (with dates)_________________________________
General contribution to development of tourism_____________________
Any other information__________________________________________
B) Get together with members of the other groups and find out about the other pioneers of tourism. Discuss the different contributions made by each of the pioneers. Who do you think made the most valuable and important contribution? Explain your choice and give reasons.
THOMAS COOK
For millions of people around the world, the name Thomas Cook means… Thomas Cook lived in Leicester in the centre of England in the mid-19th century. He organized his first tour, a…FREDDIE LAKER
Laker's business ability appeared soon after the war ended. In the Berlin airlift of 1948 he was one of a number of businessmen who bought and… This early entrepreneurial experience led Freddie Laker to increased business activity in the 1950s. He was one of a…CESAR MANRIQUE
The tribute most often paid to Cesar Manrique is that without his efforts tourist development on Lanzarote would have followed the high-rise,… Manrique was born in Arrecife in 1919 and studied art in Madrid and New York,… The hallmarks of any Manrique project are the use of local materials, integration with nature, and a completely…AROUND THE WORLD IN 222 DAYS
This modest excursion was organized by Thomas Cook, a young man with neither money nor formal education. His motive was not profit, but social… The success of Cook's first excursion led to others, and the success of the… When Thomas Cook reached the age of sixty-three, there was still one challenge ahead of him: to travel round the…EXERCISE 4
Add the missing words to this puzzle.
1.When you get to your ____________ you'll be met by our representative. 2.If you want to choose a holiday the best wav to start is to read a _________________.Part 3. У врача.
Медицинское обслуживание.
Text 1
Ex.1. Read the text attentively and be ready to answer the questions after the text.
The laws of health
There are certain laws of health which deserve particular attention and they are so simple that even a child can learn them. A constant supply of… Perfect cleanliness is also essential. The whole body should be washed as… Besides its importance to health, there is a great charm in cleanliness. We like to look at one who is tidy and clean.…Ex. 2.Read and act out the dialogues.
PATIENT.May I see doctor N., the therapeutist? CLERK.Doctor N. is not receiving just now. You can see doctor M. P.Where does he see his patients?A call
MOTHER. Someone is ringing. Go and see who is at the door, Annie.
ANNIE.It`s the doctor, ma. He has come to see little George.
MOTHER.Good morning, doctor. I am sorry to tell you that my little boy is ill.
DOCTOR.Indeed! I am sorry to hear it. Where is he?
MOTHER.This way, doctor.
DOCTOR.How long has he been ill?
MOTHER.Since yesterday morning, doctor.
DOCTOR.Well, my little friend, what`s the matter with you?
GEORGE.I have a pain in my head and in my throat.
DOCTOR.Let me see your tongue. It is thickly furred. Give me your hand and let me feel your pulse.
MOTHER.High, doctor?
DOCTOR.Rather. There is a little fever. (To George.) Have you any appetite?
GEORGE.No, sir. I haven`t eaten since yesterday.
DOCTOR.Are you thirsty?
GEORGE.Yes, sir.
DOCTOR.Do you sleep well?
GEORGE.Sometimes. Last night I didn`t sleep at all.
DOCTOR.I shall make out a prescription. (To the mother.) He should take the medicine a tablespoonful every 4 hours.
MOTHER.Yes, doctor. But is it serious?
DOCTOR.No, you need not fear. I`ll call around tomorrow at about the same time. Good-bye.
MOTHER.Good-bye, doctor.
Text 1a
Ex.3. Read and translate the text, retell it as if you are the dentist.
Once I had had a toothache for several days, but I couldn`t pluck up courage to go to the dentist. As a matter of fact I went twice, but just as I… There were a number of magazines there, and I had just got in the middle of an… Well, I went into the surgery (the room where a doctor or dentist gives advice or treatment) and he told me to sit in…Ex.4. Master the active vocabulary
ladder –лестница, трап hurt –причинять боль to hurt oneself –ушибитьсяText 2
Exercise 5. Read the text, words from ex.4. will help you to translate it.
Medical assistance
Once when a Russian bulker was on her way to Calcutta there was an accident on board. One of the motormen fell down from the engine-room ladder and hurt himself.The ship`s doctor could only render him first aid and said that the patient should be x-rayed and seriously examined.So a radiogram was sent and the ship berthed an ambulance was already waiting on the pier.
The Doctor Arrival
Doctor: Hello, I`m doctor Narayan. We`ve got your radiogram. What`s the matter?
Chief Mate: Thank you for coming, doctor Narayan. You see, one of our sailors has seriously injuredhimself. The ship`s doctor dressed the woundon the injured leg, and bandagedit. But the man feels bad.
Doctor: Where is the man?
Chief Mate: He is in the sick-bay. This way, please.№
In the Sick-Bay.
Doctor:Hello. What`s troubling you?
Patient:It aches all over, doctor.
D:Let me examine you. Does it hurt here?
P:Yes, it hurts terribly.
D:Can you move at all?
P:I`m afraid I can`t. Besides I feel…well… I don`t know the English for itІ…what do you say in English when everything seems to be swimming? і
D:You feel dizzy, I believe. I`ll give you some medicine forthe pain and dizziness. Are you allergicto any drugs?
P:I don`t think so.
D:I`m afraid I`ll have to take you to hospital. But first you should takethese pills.(To the ship`s doctor) Will you put the man on the stretcher?
The Ship`s Doctor:Just a minute.
At the Hospital
Patient:Pardon? D:I mean are you sick? P:Yes, I am. Is it serious, doctor? D:It must be the result of the concussion after your fall. Have you had your…Пояснения к тексту.
1. This way, please¹. –(Проходите) сюда, пожалуйста.
2. I don`t know the English for it². –Я не знаю, как это сказать по-английски.
3. when everything seems to be swimming³ –когда кажется, что всё плывёт перед глазами
4. Have you had your temperature taken? –Вам измерили температуру?
Ex.6. Answer the questions and sum up your answers.
a) 1. What happened on board ship? 2. What was the matter with the motorman? 3. Who rendered him first aid? 4. Why was the ambulance called?
b) 1. Who met the doctor on board the bulker? 2. Did the doctor examine the sailor? 3. How did the patient feel? 4. What pills did the doctor give to the patient?
c) 1. Why was the patient taken to hospital? 2. Why did the patient feel nauseous? 3. Was he running a high or normal temperature? 4. Was the patient X-rayed at hospital or in the ship`s sick-bay?
d) 1. When was the patient to be operated on? 2. Could the Russian sailors call on him after the operation? 3. What were the hospital visiting hours? 4. How long was the ship to stay at the port at Calcutta?
Ex.7. Give the English equivalents to the following Russian terms.
оказывать первую медицинскую помощь; перевязать плечо; обработать рану; сломать ногу; вывихнуть плечо; плохо себя чувствовать; мне больно; меня тошнит; у меня кружится голова; у меня высокая температура; у меня сильно болит голова; сделать рентген; больному необходима операция.
Ex.8. Find the synonyms
a) What`s troubling you?; to feel nauseous; pardon?; to be wounded; to take pills; it hurts here; to be healthy; what`s wrong?; to be a sick man; to render aid
b) to be injured; to enjoy good health; what`s the trouble?; to be ill; what`s the matter; to render assistance; to feel pain here; I didn`t quite catch you; to take medicine; to be sick.
Ex.9.
A) Read the story and insert the necessary modal verbs (may, can, to be able, must, to have (to), to be (to), should (ought).
Mr. Bell felt very bad. Every day he had bad headaches, he…eat and sleep. One of his friends said that Mr. Bell… see doctor Green who always gave… After the doctor had examined Mr. Bell he told the patient that he…go to a… As you remember Mr. Bell…to come to see the doctor a month later. When the doctor saw him he said: “You look much…B) Retell the text in indirect speech.
Ex.10. Work in pairs. Make up your own dialogues, using these words and expressions.
to complain of – жаловаться на; bitter taste in one`s mouth – горький привкус во рту; to breathe deeply – дышать глубоко; to check lungs (heart) – проверять лёгкие (сердце); murmur of the heart – «шумок» в сердце; symptoms of influenza – признаки гриппа; fever – лихорадка; hard to swallow – больно глотать; after-effects – осложнения; shattered nerves – расстроенные нервы; it will pass – это пройдёт; to cough - кашлять; blood test – анализ крови; prescription – рецепт; bad (disordered) digestion – расстройство пищеварения; inherited sickness – наследственная болезнь; sore throat – больное (обложенное) горло; severe headache – мучительная головная боль; shooting (acute) pain – стреляющая (острая) боль; to stand (bear) the pain –переносить боль; to relieve the pain – облегчать боль; mixture – микстура; pills – пилюли; powders – порошки; to take on an empty stomach – принимать натощак; ointment – мазь.
Ex.11. Translate into English.
1. Я плохо себя чувствую. 2. У меня высокая температура. 3. Меня тошнит. 4. Вам следует больше бывать на свежем воздухе. 5. Мне принимать это лекарство 2 или 3 раза в день? 6. У меня болит голова. 7. Вам следует вызвать скорую помощь. 8. Что случилось? 9. Я не совсем вас понял. 10. Вам нужно пройти серьёзный медосмотр.
Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
1) Цветкова И.В. Английский язык для школьников и поступающих в вузы. Москва, Глосса, 1996, стр. 203 текст «Health», чтение, перевод, пересказ, задать все типы вопросов, выписать незнакомую лексику.
2) Бонк Н.А. Английский для международного сотрудничества, Москва, 1992, стр. 325-331, чтение, перевод, пересказ текста и выполнение всех упражнений.
Part 4. Моя страна.
Мой город. Достопримечательности.
Exercise 1. Read and translate the text, learn the active vocabulary:
Russia
Russia or the Russian Federation (both names are official) is a state located in Eurasia region of our planet (eastern part of Europe and northern part of Asia). Russia is the largest country by land area in the world (11,5% of total Earth land area). The land area of Russia is about 17,075,400 sq. km.; the population is about 141,867,000 (2009).
About 79% of Russians are living in European part of Russia. The country is the ninth by population in the world. Russian people prefer to live in cities and towns (urbanization level is 73%). Russians are the major nation of the population (80%). The official state language of the country is Russian.
Russia borders on 18 countries including Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Byelorussia, the Ukraine, Abkhazia, Georgia, South Ossetia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and Northern Korea by land and Japan, the USA by sea.
There is hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery and vegetation can be found. Russia has steppes in the south, plains and forests in the midland, tundra and taiga in the north, highlands and deserts in the east.
There are two great plains in Russia: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. There are several mountain chains on the territory of the country: the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai and others. The largest mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia.
There are over two million rivers in Russia. Europe's biggest river, the Volga, flows into the Caspian Sea. The main Siberian rivers - the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena- flow from the south to the north. The Amur in the Far East flows into the Pacific Ocean.
Russia is rich in beautiful lakes. The world's deepest lake is Lake Baikal. It is much smaller than the Baltic Sea, but there is much more water in it than in the Baltic Sea. The water in the lake is so clear that if you look down you can count the stones on the bottom. Russia has one-sixth of the world's forests. They are concentrated in the European north of the country, in Siberia and in the Far East. On the vast territory of the country there are various types of climate, from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. In the middle of the country the climate is temperate and continental. Russia is very rich in oil, iron ore, natural gas, copper, nickel and other mineral and energy resources and is considered as an energy superpower. Also the country has the largest number of lakes, wood and water resources. About 25% of world fresh water resources belong to Russia.
According to the Constitution, which was adopted by national referendum on 12 December 1993 following the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, Russia is a federation and formally a semi-presidential republic, wherein the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government. The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term. The Russian Federation is fundamentally structured as a representative democracy. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the Federal Assembly, which consists of two chambers - the 450-member State Duma and the 176-member Federation Council.
Russia is a great power and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, a member of the G8, G20, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Eurasian Economic Community, the OSCE, and is the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Russia has the world's 12th largest economy by nominal GDP or the seventh largest by purchasing power parity, with the fifth largest nominal military budget. It is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the world's largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. As one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council, Russia plays a major role in maintaining international peace and security.
The capital and administrative center of Russia is Moscow. It is its largest political, scientific, cultural and industrial centre and one of the oldest Russian cities.
The total number of cities with the population over 1 million is 11. Among them are Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Omsk, Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Rostov-on-Don, and Ufa.
Vocabulary
Eurasia - Евразия (материк)
scenery - вид, пейзаж; ландшафт
vegetation – растительность
desert - пустыня
legislative powers - законодательная власть
executive power - исполнительная власть
exercise – осуществлять
temperate – умеренный
great power - великая держава
superpower- высшая власть; сверхдержава
G8 (Group of Eight)- "Большая восьмёрка"
G20 (Group of Twenty) –"Большая индустриальная двадцатка"
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe – Организация по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе
Commonwealth of Independent States - Содружество Независимых Государств
GDP (gross domestic product) - валовый внутренний продукт
fresh water - пресная вода
collective security - коллективная безопасность
economic cooperation - экономическая кооперация, экономическое сотрудничество
nuclear weapon - ядерное оружие
scientific – научный
permanent - постоянный, неизменный; долговременный;
maintaining – поддержание; поддерживающий
budget - бюджет; финансовая смета
Exercise 2: Answer the questions:
1. Where is the Russian Federation located?
2. What is the land area of Russia?
3. Where do Russian people prefer to live?
4. What countries does Russia border on?
5. What is Russia rich in?
6. How many types of climate are there on the vast territory of the country?
7. When was the Constitution of the Russian Federation adopted?
8. What role does Russia play in maintaining international peace and security?
Exercise 3: Find the Russian equivalents for the following English words and word combinations:
to be located; the Far East; legislative powers; fresh water; exercise; the head of state; mountain chain; vegetation; collective security; temperate; energy resources; Commonwealth of Independent States; Eurasia; to separate; to be rich in smth.; scientific; scenery; plain; forest; to border on; highland; United Nations;maintaining; superpower; executive power; budget; nuclear weapon.
Exercise 4: Insert the missing words from the text:
1. About 79% of Russians are living in …….. part of Russia.
2. The largest mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from …...
3. Russia is very ….. in oil, iron ore, natural gas and other mineral resources.
4. Russia borders …..18 countries.
5. There are several mountain ……. on the territory of the country.
6. The Amur in the Far East flows into the …… Ocean.
7. Russia has …… of the world's forests.
8. Executive power is ……… by the government.
9. The President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of ……..
10. Russia is a great power and a …… member of the United Nations Security Council.
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Россия или Российская Федерация - государство, расположенное в Восточной Европе и Северной Азии.
2. Большая часть населения России проживает в городах.
3. Россия обладает крупнейшими в мире запасами минеральных и энергетических ресурсов.э
4. Законодательную власть осуществляет Федеральное Собрание — парламент, состоящий из двух палат.
5. Главой государства является Президент России, избираемый на 6 лет всенародным голосованием.
6. Россия занимает первое место в мире по площади лесов.
7. Всего в России 11 городов с населением более миллиона человек.
Exercise 6. Read and translate the text, learn the active vocabulary:
Astrakhan
Astrakhan is a major city in southern European Russia and the administrative center of Astrakhan Oblast. The city lies on the left bank of the Volga… Astrakhan is situated in the Volga Delta, rich in sturgeon and exotic plants.… In 1556, the khanate was conquered by Ivan the Terrible, who had a new fortress, or kremlin, built on a steep hill…Reading comprehension
Text 1
Moscow
Moscow is the capital of Russia. The city is located in western Russia and lies in the broad, shallow valley of the Moskva River, a tributary of the Oka and thus of the Volga, in the centre of the vast plain of European Russia. This region is one of the most highly developed and densely populated areas of Russia.
The climate of Moscow is of the continental type, modified by the temperate influence of westerly winds from the Atlantic Ocean. Winters are cold and long, summers are short and mild . The moderate annual precipitation occurs predominantly in the summer months, often in brief, heavy downpours.
Only a small percentage of Moscow's population is employed in the city centre because of the decentralization of workplaces. Industry is the dominant source of employment, followed by science and research. Although Moscow's role in the country's administration is of prime importance, government as a source of employment is relatively minor.
Engineering (production of automobiles and trucks, ball bearings, machine tools, and precision instruments) and metalworking are by far the most important industries. Other important activities include the manufacture of textiles, chemicals and derivative products, and consumer goods (foodstuffs, footwear, and pianos); timber processing; construction; and printing and publishing. Moscow is the headquarters of state insurance and banking organizations.
The pattern of rings and radials that marked the historical stages of Moscow's growth remains evident in its modern layout. Successive epochs of development are traced by the Boulevard Ring and the Garden Ring (both following the line of former fortifications), the Moscow Little Ring Railway, and the Moscow Ring Road. From 1960 to the mid-1980s the Ring Road was the administrative limit of the city, but several areas of the largely greenbelt zone beyond the road have been annexed since then.
The centre of the city and the historical heart of Moscow is the fortified enclosure of the Kremlin. Its crenellated redbrick walls and 20 towers (19 with spires) were built at the end of the 15th century and were partially rebuilt in later years. Within the walls of the Kremlin are located the meeting places of the government of Russia. Among these are the former Senate building (1776-88), the Kremlin Great Palace (1838-49), and the modern Palace of Congresses (1960-61). Other features within the Kremlin include the central Cathedral Square, around which are grouped three cathedrals, all examples of Russian church architecture at its height in the late 15th and early 16th centuries; a group of palaces of various periods; the white bell tower of Ivan III the Great; the Armoury Museum; and the Arsenal (1702-36).
Along the east wall of the Kremlin lies Red Square, the ceremonial centre of the capital. The Lenin Mausoleum stands beneath the Kremlin walls, and the Church of the Intercession, or Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed, is at the southern end of the square. The State Department Store, GUM, faces the Kremlin, and the State Historical Museum (1875-83) closes off the northern end of the square.
In the remainder of central Moscow, within the Garden Ring, are buildings representative of every period of Moscow's development from the 15th century to the present. Examples of the Moscow Baroque style, the Classical period, and the revivalist Old Russian style may be found. In the Soviet period streets were widened, and much of the old part of the inner city was demolished and replaced by large office and apartment buildings, government ministries, headquarters of national and international bodies and organizations, hotels and larger shops, and principal cultural centres.
Beyond the Garden Ring is a middle zone dominated by 18th- and 19th-century developments; many factories, railway stations, and freight yards are located there. Since 1960 extensive urban renewal has occurred, producing neighbourhoods of high-rise apartment buildings. The outer zone has been the site of modern factory development and extensive housing construction in the 20th century. Beyond the newer suburbs are areas of open land and forest, together with satellite industrial towns and dormitory suburbs.
Moscow's inhabitants are overwhelmingly of Russian nationality, but members of more than 100 other nationalities and ethnic groups also live there. Population density, though lowered by outward expansion of the city, has remained high because of the vast number of large apartment buildings.
Moscow has a large concentration of educational institutions, and its centres of higher education draw students from throughout Russia. Moscow State University (1755) is the leading educational institution. The city's many specialized educational institutions include the Moscow Timiryazev Academy of Agriculture and the Moscow P.I. Tchaikovsky State Conservatory. Scientific research is conducted by the Academy of Sciences of Russia and many institutions linked to industry. The city's libraries include the V.I. Lenin State Library.
Theatre, music, and art are important in the city's life. The State Academic Bolshoi ("Great") Theatre (1825), Maly ("Little") Theatre, and Moscow Art Theatre are especially renowned. Of the many museums and galleries, the State Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and the State Tretyakov Gallery are notable.
Few people in Moscow own automobiles, necessitating heavy reliance on public transportation provided by the Metropolitan (Metro) subway, buses, streetcars, and trolleybuses. The Metro system, which reflects the city's street patterns, is known for the elaborate architecture of its stations. Moscow is the centre of the country's rail network, on which freight transport is heavily dependent. Trunk rail lines radiate from the city in all directions to major Russian population and industrial centres, to the Ukraine, Belarus, and Eastern Europe, and to Central Asia. Suburban commuter traffic is facilitated by the Moscow Little Ring Railway (1908) and the Greater Moscow Ring Railway, which link radial lines. Passenger trains connect to destinations throughout Russia and Europe. Moscow is also a major river port and is served by the Moscow Canal. The Volga's various canals link Moscow to all the seas surrounding European Russia. Moscow is the centre of the country's airline network; the Sheremetyevo airport, in the north, handles international flights.
Text 2
The City of Astrakhan: history and present time
Astrakhan is the administrative centre of Astrakhan region, which also includes 12 other districts and towns, situated in the southern-eastern part, 1534 kilometers away from Moscow. It is found in the Caspian lowlands, on the river Volga, in its highest point. In the west Astrakhan region borders on Kalmykiya, in the north - on Volgograd region, in the east - on Kazakhstan. The city is situated on 11 islands; occupied territory - 500 square kilometers - is divided into 4 districts.
The climate is continental and arid. Average temperature in January is -10 С, in July + 25 С. Annual precipitation is 230 millimeters in a year.
Here you can find the river and sea ports of the Volga-Caspian pond, transport junction of railway lines (towards Saratov, Kizlyar, Guriev) and freeways (towards Volgograd, Stavropol and other cities), international airport.
The population in January 01, 1999 is 488 thousand people (estimated according to the statistics data). High presence of different nationalities has become an Astrakhan historic peculiarity. In Astrakhan there are more than 100 nationalities, 14 living in peace with each other religious confessions, 17 national cultural societies, 155 public unions (associations). Over 150 minorities and ethnic groups are found in Astrakhan, among them: Russians - 82.0%, Tatars - 7.9%, Kazakhs - 3.0%, Ukrainians - 2.2%, Belorussians, Jews, Chechens, Armenians, Kalmyks - less than 1.0%, others - 2.9%.
Astrakhan is one of the oldest Russian towns. It has a long and interesting history. Being located at the north of the Caspian Sea, it stood on the Great Silk Way and played an important role connecting West and East. During many centuries Astrakhan and its region was the place, where different civilizations met. Many peoples inhabited the Lower Volga since the ancient sea had retreated.
In the thirteenth century a large trade centre – Sarai Batu – the capital of the Golden Horde – rose up in the Lower Volga. It attracted the merchants from the most far-away countries and was famous for its palaces.
The city of Hadzhy-Tarkhan, the centre of the Astrakhan Khanate, which had detached from the Golden Horde, rose up on the right bank of the Volga. It was the historical predecessor of Astrakhan. In different years it had different names: Ashtarkhan, Gitorkhan, Tsitrokhan. Such a variety of names still has no exact historical explanation, as well as the name of modern Astrakhan itself.
Originally Astrakhan was located on the right bank of the Volga, and only in the sixteenth century it was replaced onto the opposite bank, as the new place was more safe.
In 1558 a wooden citadel was erected on the left bank of the Volga. It was the starting point of Astrakhan. And soon the Kremlin was done of brick. It was being built since 1582 to 1589. The Kremlin in Astrakhan is righteously considered to be an outstanding monument of Russian architecture and fortification of the sixteenth century. Being the main place of interest in Astrakhan, the Kremlin hasn’t lost its spiritual significance. The ancient walls and towers of the Kremlin remind us of the glorious deeds of our ancestors.
The main adornment of the Kremlin is the Uspensky Cathedral erected in 1698-1710 by a surf architect Dorofei Myakishev who managed to embody in his stone masterpiece the idea of the spiritual strengthening of Russia. They say that when Peter I saw the Uspensky Cathedral he exclaimed that there was no other cathedral of such beauty in Russia and ordered to erect a similar cathedral in St. Petersburgh.
In June 1722 his Highness Peter I paid a visit to sunny Astrakhan. The Tsar was getting ready for a march to Persia and that was why he was personally interested in the fortification of the southern outpost of Russia. On his initiative the Caspian fleet was created in the mouth of the Volga. Long before the fleet was founded the first Russian military ship “Orel” was sent to Astrakhan to guard the trade routes.
The historic name of the great Russian Commander Suvorov A.V. is also connected with the fortification of Astrakhan where he stayed during 2 years.
The representatives of the most noble Russian families were the Voivodes of Astrakhan in different years: the Obolenskys, the Trubetskys, the Odoevskys... Peter the Great himself did a lot for the development of the city: by his decree a shipyard and the Admiralty were built here, the Garden Office and “The Tsar’s Poultry-Yard” were opened.
The history of the city and its sight are inseparable, and one can easily guess the outlines of ancient times in the modern city.
At the beginning of the twentieth century Astrakhan was a well-known cultural centre with rich musical and theatrical traditions. There were lots of clubs and Societies of Culture here. Educated people appreciated literature and were keenly interested in the world stars: Fyodor Shalyapin, Maria Ermolova, Vera Komissarzhevskaya performed on the stages of Astrakhan theatres.
People coming to Astrakhan were often surprised at the great number of wooden houses, so uncommon for the steppes and half-deserts. Astrakhan was famous for its wood-working industry and a lot of timber was floated down the Volga. Russian tower architecture was to be observed in the streets of the city. Skilful craftsmen decorated the houses with masterfully carved ornaments.
The architectural style of modern Astrakhan with a lot of historical buildings makes it possible to call the city a historical museum under the open sky. It’s not by chance that Astrakhan is mentioned in the list of historical cities of Russia. Astrakhan was a large trade centre where Russia encountered the East: Indian, Persian and Armenian merchants erected their commercial town houses here. The city also attracted nomadic inhabitants of the steppes. One was amazed at the intricate interwoven sound ornament of different languages sounding in Astrakhan streets and markets.
Astrakhan is a frontier city - the southern gates of Russia. It is situated on the crossroads between Europe and Asia, which make it a commercial and transport center. Astrakhan is a large river and seaport. The main waterway of the country, the Volga, flows through Astrakhan and connects it with the Black, Baltic, Northern and Mediterranean seas. All these advantages made the city of Astrakhan a linking point for the goods coming from India and Iran to Europe.
The Astrakhan State Reserve is located in the delta of the Volga river. It is one of the oldest and most beautiful in the country, founded in 1919. Flora and fauna of Astrakhan region is unique. Various species of fish, birds and animals can be found here. Among them are Dalmatian pelican, mute swan, pheasant, sturgeons and others.
Astrakhan, presented by its Mayor, Igor Bezrukavnikov, the first mayor being elected by voting, focuses its attention on the international and transfrontier cooperation activities. The main priority is to form the international and legal status of the Caspian sea, to search for foreign partners and contracts for Astrakhan enterprises, attraction of foreign investments, increasing of external trade transit cargo through the Astrakhan port.
Text 3
The land of blooming lotus
Nobody can enplane where lotus appeared from. Maybe some of birds of passage brought lotus seeds in their stomachs from India. Maybe lotus had been… Lotus always attracted people's attention. Some of them admired the beauty of… It is impossible to describe all the beauty of the fields of blooming lotus. Enormous, about one meter in diameter,…Canada
To extend- простираться
To inhabit- населять
To cede- передавать
Democracy- демократия
Monarchy- монархия
Bilinqual- двуязычный
To trigger- привести в действие
Viceroy-вице-король
Contiguous- соседний
Extensive- обширный
Glacial- ледниковый
Earthquake- землетрясение
Notably- особенно
Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south. The land occupied by Canada was inhabited for millennia by various groups of Aboriginal people.
By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second-largest country in the world—after Russia.
Canada has an extensive coastline on its north, east, and west, and since the last glacial period it has consisted of eight distinct forest regions, including extensive boreal forest on the Canadian Shield. Canada has more lakes than any other country, containing much of the world's fresh water.
A federation consisting of ten provinces and three territories, Canada is governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. It is a bilingual nation with both English and French as official languages at the federal level.
Canada is also geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes.
Atlantic Canada has vast offshore deposits of natural gas, and Alberta has large oil and gas resources.
Canada is one of the world's largest suppliers of agricultural products; the Canadian Prairies are one of the most important producers of wheat, canola, and other grains. Canada is the largest producer of zinc and uranium, and is a global source of many other natural resources, such as gold, nickel, aluminium, and lead.
Canada has a parliamentary government. Parliament is composed of The Crown, an elected House of Commons, and an appointed Senate. Each Member of Parliament in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in an electoral district or riding.
Canada is also a constitutional monarchy, with The Crown acting as a symbolic or ceremonial executive. The Crown consists of Queen Elizabeth II (legal head of state) and her appointed viceroys, the governor general (acting head of state), and provincial lieutenant-governors. The political executive consists of the prime minister (head of government) and the Cabinet. The Cabinet is made up of ministers usually selected from the House of Commons and headed by the prime minister.
The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) is one of the most powerful institutions in government, initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting. The Crown formally approves parliamentary legislation and the prime minister's appointments.
Canada's judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution. The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court.
Exercise 1. Answer the following questions:
1.Where is Canada situated?
2.What is the territory of the country?
3.How many languages are spoken in Canada?
4.What can you say about the nature of it?
5.What natural and mineral resources is Canada rich in?
6.Has Canada a parliamentary government and a constitutional monarchy?
7.What do you know about the legislative, executive and judicial branches of the country?
8.Who is the head of the Crown?
Exercise 2. Insert the missing words:
1. Canada's the worlds … largest country by total area.
2. A … federation consisting of ten provinces and three territories.
3. Canada has a parliamentary …
4. Canada is the second largest country in the world after …
5. Canada is also geologically active, having many … potentially active …
6. One of the important producers of …, …, and other …
Exercise 3. Give Russian equivalents to these words and word combinations:
Total, millenia, both, northern portion, stretching, distinct, geologically active, volcanic complex, resources, producer of, confidence, symbolic, court,judges, ministeґs appointment.
Exercise 4. Make up the sentences of your own using the words below.
New Zealand
Indigenous language- местный диалект Isolation- уединение, изоляция Descent- происхождениеAustralia
Settlement- поселение To explore- исследовать Democracy- демократияGreat Britain
To conquer- завоевывать To subdue- подчинить To contribute to- способствоватьTHE USA
Densely-плотно A canal-канал Wheat-пшеноWASHINGTON, D.C.
with its own laws- со своими законами a plot of land- участок земли the Capitol- КапитолийLondon
an economic centre – экономический центр
a suburb - окраина
an area - область
a district - район
a port area – портовая территория
nearby - близлежащий
a restaurant - ресторан
a concrete building – бетонное здание
a major city – главный город
outside - вне
headquarter - штаб-квартира
Exercise 24. Read and translate the text
London is home for the headquarters of all government departments, Parliament, the major legal institutions and the monarch. It is the country’s… Different areas of London seem like different cities. The West End is a rich… Like all big cities, London has streets and concrete buildings, but it also has many big parks, full of trees, flowers…Exercise 27. Find Russian equivalents and make sentences of your own.
Ancient building, a rich man’s world of shops, to be concentrated, port area, concrete buildings, flowers and grass.
Canberra
location - местоположение court - суд agency - агентствоExercise 29. Insert the missing word.
1.It is also … … of many social and cultural … of national significance.
2.The word … is derived from the word Kanbarra.
3.Canberra is located near … … ….
4.Other large hills include Mount Taylor, … …, Mount Mugga Mugga and … … .
5.Canberra has a … dry continental climate.
6.There are … residential districts.
7.Many … government buildings in Canberra are open to the public.
Exercise 30. Find Russian equivalents of the following words or word combinations. Make up sentences of your own.
Unusual city, numerous government departments, Australian War Memorial, the surrounding bushland, relatively dry continental climate, two perpendicular axes, a town centre.
Exercise 31. Find English equivalents of the following words or word combinations. Make up sentences of your own.
Население, компромисс, правительство, самая высокая точка, сухие эвкалиптовые леса, жаркое лето, простираться вдоль, национальные памятники, жилые районы.
Ottawa
a municipality - муниципалитет
to be situated on - располагаться
a mouth - устье
hub - центр
landmark - достопримечательность
suburban area - окраина
to extend - простираться
township – поселок городского типа
community - сообщество
humid - влажный
official residence – официальная резиденция
Ottawa is the capital of Canada, a municipality and the second largest city within the province of Ontario.
In 2009, the city of Ottawa had a population of 812,129, making it the fourth-largest municipality in the country.
Ottawa is situated on the south bank of the Ottawa River, and contains the mouths of the Rideau River and Rideau Canal. The oldest part of the city is known as Lower Town, and occupies an area between the canal and the rivers. Across the canal to the west lies Centretown which is the city's financial and commercial hub. Situated between Centretown and the Ottawa River, the slight elevation of Parliament Hill is home to many of the capital's landmark government buildings, including the Peace Tower, and the legislative seat of Canada.
The City of Ottawa has a main urban area but there are many other urban, suburban and rural areas within the city's limits. The main suburban area extends a considerable distance to the east, west and south of the centre, and includes the former cities of Gloucester, Nepean and Vanier, the former village of Rockcliffe Park and the community of Blackburn Hamlet, the community of Orlйans.
Ottawa is made up of eleven historic townships, ten of which are from historic Carleton County and one from historic Russell. They are Cumberland, Fitzroy, Gloucester, Goulbourn, Huntley, March, Marlborough, Nepean, North Gower, Osgoode and Torbolton. Ottawa has a humid continental climate.
Ottawa is home to a wealth of national museums, official residences, government buildings, memorials and heritage structures.
Exercise 32. Answer the questions:
1. What is Ottawa?
2. What is the population of Ottawa?
3. What is the oldest part of the city?
4. Where does Centretown lie?
5. Is Parliament Hill home to many of the capital's landmark government buildings?
6. The main suburban area extends a considerable distance to the east, doesn’t it?
7. Is Ottawa made up of eleven historic townships?
8. What is home to a wealth of national museums?
Exercise 33. Insert the missing words into the following sentences:
1.… the second largest city within the province of Ontario.
2.Ottawa had a population of ….
3.Ottawa is situated on the south bank of the … ….
4.Across the canal to the west lies … which is the city's financial and … hub.
5.The … … has a main urban area.
6.The main … … extends a considerable distance to the east.
7.Ottawa is home to a wealth of … ….
Exercise 34. Find Russian equivalents of the following words or word combinations. Make up sentences of your own.
the second largest city, on the south bank, the oldest part of the city, financial and commercial hub, the capital's landmark government buildings, suburban and rural areas, west and south of the centre.
Exercise 35. Find English equivalents of the following words or word combinations. Make up sentences of your own.
Устье реки, занимать территорию, центр города, парламентский холм, городская территория, простираться, прежний город, исторический.
Wellington
rural area – сельская местность to cover - охватывать peninsula - полуостровExercise 37. Find Russian equivalents of the following words or word combinations. Make up sentences of your own.
southwestern tip of the country, surrounding rural area, on the peninsula, central business district, the head offices, screen industry businesses, the Royal New Zealand Ballet.
Exercise 38. Find English equivalents of the following words or word combinations. Make up sentences of your own.
Самая населенная городская территория, центральный район, головной офис, дипломатическая миссия, важный центр, международный фестиваль искусств, главное событие.
Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
1) Еферова А.Р., Кердяшева О.В. Сборник иностранных текстов по страноведению по английскому языку для студентов 1-2-х курсов всех специальностей. Астрахань, Издательство АГТУ, 2010, стр. 23-36, чтение, перевод, пересказ текстов, составление разных типов вопросов к текстам, составление вокабуляра к текстам.
2) Агабекян И.П., Коваленко П.И. Английский для технических вузов, Издательство «Феникс», Ростов-на-Дону, 2003, стр. 94-125, чтение, перевод текстов, выполнение всех упражнений, диктант по новому вокабуляру.
Part 6. Наш университет.
Высшее образование в России.
VOCABULARY be situated - располагатьсяExercise 4. Use the correct tense of the verb in the parentheses (round brackets). Mind the agreement between the subject and the predicate.
1. Astrakhan State Technical University (to be known) in our region.
2. At the end of each term undergraduates (to get prepared) for the credit tests and exams.
3. Students of all specialities (to have) foreign languages on the curriculum as an obligatory subject in Russia.
4. The real wealth of the University (to be) its teaching staff and students.
5. Students of many faculties must (to learn) English as part of the syllabus for two years.
6. The University course for students (to run) for 5 or 6 years.
7. Chemistry (to come) easy to my brother.
8. It (to be) hard to study at our faculty.
9. She (to have) many classes every day.
10. I (to work) regularly but my friend (to work) by fits and starts.
Exercise 5. Ask questions for which the following statements may serve as answers.
2 I fell behind the group because of my illness. 3 My favourite subject is physics. 4 We’ll have a seminar on chemistry tomorrow.MOSCOW STATE LOMONOSOV UNIVERSITY
Exercise 7. Read and translate the text. Formulate the topic sentence of each paragraph. Express the main ideas of the text.
Nowadays there exist many universities in Russia. But not all universities are equal. They differ from one another in history, tradition and… The Moscow Lomonosov University’s graduates have got the highest-quality… There had been two principal divisions at the Department: Maths and Mechanics which are closely interrelated and…Exercise 9. Make up a list of words that you have looked up in the dictionary and give their contextual Russian equivalents.
Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
1) Орловская И.В., Самсонова Л.С., Скубриева А.И. Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов, Москва, МГТУ имени Н.Э. Баумана, 2001, стр.9-15, чтение, перевод, пересказ текста, выполнение всех упражнений.
2) Баракова М.Я., Журавлёва Р.И., Английский язык для горных инженеров, Москва, Высшая школа, 2002, стр.13-20,22-30, чтение, перевод, пересказ текстов, выполнение пред- и послетекстовых упражнений.
Part 7. Высшее образование в стране изучаемого языка.
Ведущие мировые университеты.
Higher education in Great Britain
1 degree-степень, 2 a graduate-выпускник учебного заведения, 3 arts- гуманитарные нaуки,Exercise 6. Read and practice the following. Act as interpreter.
М-р Соколов (С): Пожалуйста, пожалуйста. Я рад, что вы нашли время побеседовать со мной. Я знаю, как вы заняты. B.: Well, that’s true, but we always find time for visitors from abroad,… С.: У меня очень много вопросов, особенно о таком старейшем учебном заведении в Англии - как Кембриджский университет.…Exercise 7. Choose the right answer.
1. New students must____ for classes before term begins. a) teach b)join c)enter d)enrollТексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
TEXT I. Read the text to yourself and suggest a title.
The typical academic programme for university students in Great Britain is composed of a varying number of courses or subjects within a field of… The academic obligations for each subject fall into three types. Lectures, at… Examinations on each subject require the student to consolidate his knowledge of the subject, which he has gained…Text II. Read the text and suggest a title to each paragraph.
EALING COLLEGE OF HIGHER LEARNING.
The College has a 50 year tradition of developing and teaching undergraduate courses. At present it offers twelve degree courses which are validated… Ealing ‘s degree courses are run under the auspices of the CNAA, the largest… The College also offers a range of Higher National Diplomas and Certificates validated by the Business and Technician…Text III. Read the text to yourself and suggest the title.
In the early 19-th century Oxford and Cambridge were the only two universities in England. The cost of education at these universities was so high… In 1836 these two institutions, University College and King’s through a… In the early years a candidate for the University of London was forced to attend either University College or King’s,…Text III. STUDENT LIFE AND CUSTOMS.
We lack sufficient evidence to make many statements about student life in ancient times. It was in the medieval universities that we first hear of… A master who delivered his lecture too rapidly was interrupted with all kinds… So many of their natural inclinations for the amusements and sports of youth were repressed by strict prohibitions…Text IV. Stanford University
Stanford University, famous as one of northern California’s several institutions of higher learning, is called “the Harvard of the West”. Its… The closeness of Stanford to San Francisco, a city thirty-two miles to the… Founded only in 1891, Stanford is now considered comparable in quality to such other longer established, major…Exercise 9. Make up a list of words that you have looked up in the dictionary and give their contextual Russian equivalents.
Text VI. CHN University of Professional Education (CHN)
CHN University of Professional Education is located in Leeuwarden, capital of the province Fryslan in the northern part of the Netherlands. Situated… In the three universities of professional education in Leeuwarden, over 23,000… The CHN is a young, dynamic and innovative University of Professional Education. The CHN in recent years has grown…Part 8. Покупки. В магазине.
Shopping
 |
Exercise 1. Read the text and be ready to answer questions after the text:
The Big Stores of London
One of the features of London is the number of big stores, most of which are to be found in or near the West End. These stores are a mixture of… They developed in the nineteenth century; they maintain the dignity of that… The big stores of London are vast buildings, many storeys high, equipped with speedy lifts and escalators, with…Departments Отделы
Drapery dеpt. Декоративных тканей Ready-made clothes dept. Готового платья Ladies/men’s/children’s wear/outfit Готовая женская/мужская/детская одеждаShopping phrases
Exercise 3. Comprehension questions.
1. What kinds of stores are the features of London's shopping life?
2. Why are the big stores of London called a mixture of tradition and modernity?
3. Why are the departments in the stores carefully named?
4. Which stores have branches in most British towns of importance?
5. What is characteristic of the British chemist's and dairy shops?
6. How do supermarkets operate?
Exercise 4. Find in the text equivalents to the following words and phrases.
I) Характерная черта; 2) сочетание старого и нового; 3) новые направления в моде; 4) многоэтажные здания; 5) продуманно названные; 6) "экономичное платье"; 7) общепринятый; 8) старомодный; 9) выставлять; 10) широкий выбор товаров; II) филиал, значительные города; 12) молокозаводы; 13) фармацевтическая фирма; 14) туалетные принадлежности; 15) хозяйственные товары; 16) работать по принципу самообслуживания; 17) контрольный пункт.
Exercise 5. Make up questions to which the following sentences might be the answers.
1. These are stores where a wide variety of goods is offered-displayed on open counters.
2. You may also find it at the local chemist's.
3. Most of the big department stores are to be found in or near the
West End.
4. They sell cheap dresses there.
5. You pay for all your goods together at the exit.
6. In this department they sell clothes suitable for both sexes.
7. I think you should try the local chain store. They have the same supply as in London.
Exercise 6. Answer the following questions using active vocabulary.
1. What do we buy at dairy shop? 2. What do we buy at greengrocer's? 3. What do we buy at florist's?Exercise 8. Make up a dialogue.
Situation 1: You are a very capricious and rather rude customer. You are looking for something special but don’t know what. Your partner is a… Useful phrases: to persuade – убеждатьТексты для самостоятельной работы
Everyday English: Учебное пособие для студентов гуманитарных вузов и старшеклассников школ и гимназий с углубленным изучением английского языка. – Издание шестое. –Спб.:Антология, 2004. -656 с.
Изучение лексики (стр.351-361)
Упражнения на закрепление лексики (стр.362-397)
Part 9. Война и мир. Угроза терроризма.
World at war
Statistics reveals that there are still more than three dozen major conflicts raging in the world. The increase was most noticeable in Asia, where… Four conflicts in 1999 stood out above all others. Russian forces were deeply… In Africa, armed conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo quieted for a while as the opposing factions regrouped…Exercise 2. Read and translate the text
Exercise 3. Answer the following questions about the text:
1.Why was January 1, 2000 a "triple" beginning? 2. What number of major conflicts raging in the world does statistics reveal? 3. In what part of the world was the increase of conflicts most noticeable? 4.Which four conflicts in 1999 stood out above all others? 5. What were the events in Kosovo (in Chechnya, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, in Cote d'Ivorie)? 6. What conclusion does the author come to?
Exercise 4. Speak about wars of the 21st century.
Terrorism
Although ancient, terrorism has become a common feature of the late 21st century, when it has raised a host of complex moral and practical issues.… Other extremist groups, such as animal rights campaigners, anti-abortionists,… Terrorism has caused many nations to develop specialist anti-terrorist units in the military or police, though the…Exercise 5. Read English words and word combinations and give their Russian equivalents.
Exercise 6. Read and translate the text “Terrorism”. Exercise 7. Answer the following questions to the text:Exercise 8. Speak about terrorism.
Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
21st Century Terrorism
Five bombings in four weeks. The targets: a downtown shopping mall, a military housing complex and three apartment buildings. The victims: civilians or the families of serving military personnel either asleep in their beds or out for an evening on the town. The death toll: at least 350 persons, with scores more injured and maimed. The perpetrators: unknown. The reason for the attacks: unclear. Welcome to terrorism, 21st century-style.
True, a large number of terrorist attacks have gone unclaimed.
Although two alleged Libyan government intelligence operatives were identified and accused of placing the suitcase containing the bomb that eventually found its way onto the plane, no believable claim of responsibility has ever been issued.
The fact that terrorists today do not feel as driven to take credit for their acts may be related to their belief that their message, whatever it may be, is still reaching its intended audience. As the renowned terrorism expert Walter Laqueur has observed, "If terrorism is propaganda by the deed, the success of a terrorist campaign depends decisively on the amount of publicity it receives." In this respect, terrorists are still getting all the publicity they crave, but they are manipulating and exploiting it in different ways. By maintaining their anonymity, terrorists may believe they are better able to capitalize on fear and alarm. Attacks perpetrated by enigmatic, unseen and unknown assailants may thus be deliberately designed to foment greater insecurity and panic in the target audience. In this way, the terrorists’ ability to portray themselves as being able to strike whenever and wherever they please, while highlighting the government's inability to protect potential targets, is appreciably heightened. The terrorists appear stronger, the government weak and powerless to stop the mayhem.
Fight Against Terror. Don’t Resort to it.
A war against terror must not be turned into terror against the people.
In order to win a war with bandits and terrorists, we have to clearly announce what the goals and tasks of our policy are to be. This means guaranteeing the safety of our borders and the liquidation of the cradles of terrorism. The great civilization cannot roll down the path to the destruction of an entire ethnicity, no matter how difficult the last 100 years of relations with this ethnicity have been. Here, the matter is not world public opinion. As concerns world public opinion, we wouldn't have any trouble at all.
Terrorism is not new, and even though it has been used since the beginning of recorded history it can be relatively hard to define. Terrorism has been described variously as both a tactic and strategy; a crime and a holy duty; a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination. Obviously, a lot depends on whose point of view is being represented. Terrorism has often been an effective tactic for the weaker side in a conflict. As an asymmetric form of conflict, it confers coercive power with many of the advantages of military force at a fraction of the cost. Due to the secretive nature and small size of terrorist organizations, they often offer opponents no clear organization to defend against or to deter.
Terrorism is a criminal act that influences an audience beyond the immediate victim. The strategy of terrorists is to commit acts of violence that .draws the attention of the local populace, the government, and the world to their cause. The terrorists plan their attack to obtain the greatest publicity, choosing targets that symbolize what they oppose. The effectiveness of the terrorist act lies not in the act itself, but in the public’s or government’s reaction to the act.
THE EU FIGHTS AGAINST THE SCOURGE OF TERRORISM
Bioterrorism and chemical threats are all too real. Well organized terrorist groups are receiving support from sympathizer networks in many… The battle against terrorism requires the mobilization of all citizens to… The European Union has strengthened its commitment to fight against terrorism in order to increase its internal…Part 10. Страны третьего мира. Проблемы миграции.
Exercise 1. Master the active vocabulary: developing country развивающая страна developed country развитая странаText 1
“Third World”
The term 'Third World' arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned or not moving at all with either capitalism and NATO (which along with its allies represented the First World) or communism and the Soviet Union (which along with its allies represented the Second World). This definition provided a way of broadly categorizing the nations of the Earth into three groups based on social, political, and economic divisions. Although the term continues to be used colloquially to describe the poorest countries in the world, this usage is widely disparaged since the term no longer holds any verifiable meaning after the fall of the Soviet Union deprecated the terms First World and Second World. While there is no identical contemporary replacement, common alternatives include developing world and Global South and more recently Majority World. However, there are still scholars who use this term on purpose to point out and challenge the huge gap between the poor and rich of the world
Text 2
“Measure and concept of development”
The development of a country is measured with statistical indexes such as income per capita (per person) (GDP), life expectancy, the rate of literacy, et cetera. The UN has developed the HDI, a compound indicator of the above statistics, to gauge the level of human development for countries where data is available.
Developing countries are in general countries which have not achieved a significant degree of industrialization relative to their populations, and which have, in most cases a medium to low standard of living. There is a strong correlation between low income and high population growth.
The terms utilized when discussing developing countries refer to the intent and to the constructs of those who utilize these terms. Other terms sometimes used are less developed countries (LDCs), least economically developed countries (LEDCs), "underdeveloped nations" or Third World nations, and "non-industrialized nations". Conversely, the opposite end of the spectrum is termed developed countries, most economically developed countries (MEDCs), First World nations and "industrialized nations".
To moderate the euphemistic aspect of the word developing, international organizations have started to use the term Less economically developed country (LEDCs) for the poorest nations which can in no sense be regarded as developing. That is, LEDCs are the poorest subset of LDCs. This may moderate against a belief that the standard of living across the entire developing world is the same.
The concept of the developing nation is found, under one term or another, in numerous theoretical systems having diverse orientations — for example, theories of decolonization, liberation theology, Marxism, anti-imperialism, and political economy.
List of emerging and developing economies
1. Angola 2. Antigua and BarbudaDeveloping countries not listed by IMF
· North Korea Graduated developing countries (Four Asian Tigers & New Euro Countries) -… · Hong Kong (After 1997)Text 3
“Typology and names of countries”
Countries are often loosely placed into four categories of development. Each category includes the countries listed in their respective article. The term "developing nation" is not a label to assign a specific, similar type of problem.
Newly industrialized countries (NICs) are nations with economies more advanced and developed than those in the developing world, but not yet with the full signs of a developed country. NIC is a category between developed and developing countries. It includes Brazil, the People's Republic of China, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand and Turkey.
Big Emerging Market (BEM) economies, a label with various meanings. Jeffrey Garten identified, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, South Africa, Poland, Turkey, India, Indonesia, the People's Republic of China, and South Korea as the Big 10 BEMs.
Countries with long-term civil war or large-scale breakdown of rule of law ("failed states") (e.g. Democratic Republic of Congo, Afghanistan, Haiti, Somalia) or non-development-oriented dictatorship (North Korea, Myanmar, Zimbabwe).
Some developing countries have been classified as "Developed countries" such as South Africa, and Turkey by the CIA, and Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei, Equatorial Guinea, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Trinidad and Tobago by the World Bank.
Text 4
“Pre-modern migrations”
2nd to 5th century Migration Period
Historical migration of human populations begins with the movement of Homo erectus out of Africa across Eurasia about a million years ago. Homo sapiens appear to have occupied all of Africa about 150,000 years ago, moved out of Africa 70,000 years ago, and had spread across Australia, Asia and Europe by 40,000 years BCE. Migration to the Americas took place 20,000 to 15,000 years ago, and by 2,000 years ago, most of the Pacific Islands were colonized. Later population movements notably include the Neolithic Revolution, Indo-European expansion, and the Early Medieval Great Migrations including Turkic expansion.
Early humans migrated due to many factors such as changing climate and landscape and inadequate food supply. The evidence indicates that the ancestors of the Austronesian peoples spread from the South Chinese mainland to Taiwan at some times around 8,000 years ago. Evidence from historical linguistics suggests that it is from this island that seafaring peoples migrated, perhaps in distinct waves separated by millennia, to the entire region encompassed by the Austronesian languages. It is believed that this migration began around 6,000 years ago. Indo-Aryan migration to and within Northern India is presumed to have taken place in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, contemporary to the Late Harappan phase in India (ca. 1700 to 1300 BC). From 180 BC, a series of invasions from Central Asia followed, including those led by the Indo-Greeks, Indo-Scythians, Indo-Parthians and Kushans in the north-western Indian subcontinent.
From about 750 BC, the Greeks began 250 years of expansion, settling colonies in all directions. In Europe two waves of migrations dominate demographic distributions, that of the Celtic people, and the later Migration Period from the east. Other examples are small movements like ancient Scots moving from Hibernia to Caledonia and Magyars into Pannonia (modern-day Hungary). Turkic peoples spread across most of Central Asia into Europe and the Middle East between the 6th and 11th centuries. Recent research suggests that Madagascar was uninhabited until Austronesian seafarers from Indonesia arrived during the 5th and 6th centuries AD. Subsequent migrations from both the Pacific and Africa further consolidated this original mixture, and Malagasy people emerged.
One common hypothesis of the Bantu expansion
Before the expansion of the Bantu languages and their speakers, the southern half of Africa is believed to have been populated by Pygmies and Khoisan speaking people, today occupying the arid regions around the Kalahari Desert and the forest of Central Africa. By about 1000 AD Bantu migration had reached modern day Zimbabwe and South Africa. The Banu Hilal and Banu Ma'qil were a collection of Arab Bedouin tribes from the Arabian Peninsula who migrated westwards via Egypt between the 11th and 13th centuries. Their migration strongly contributed to the arabization and islamization of the western Maghreb, which was until then dominated by Berber tribes. Ostsiedlung was the medieval eastward migration and settlement of Germans. The 13th century was the time of the great Mongol and Turkic migrations across Eurasia.Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese expanded southward in a process known as nam tiến (southward expansion). Manchuria was separated from China proper by the Inner Willow Palisade, which restricted the movement of the Han Chinese into Manchuria during the Qing Dynasty, as the area was off-limits to the Han until the Qing started colonizing the area with them later on in the dynasty's rule.
The Age of Exploration and European Colonialism led to an accelerated pace of migration since Early Modern times. In the 16th century perhaps 240,000 Europeans entered American ports. In the 19th century over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas. The local populations or tribes, such as the Aboriginal people in Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Japan and the United States, were usually far overwhelmed numerically by the settlers. More recent examples are the movement of ethnic Chinese into Tibet and Xinjiang, ethnic Javanese into Western New Guinea and Kalimantan (see Transmigration program), Brazilians into Amazonia, Israelis into the West Bank and Gaza, ethnic Arabs into Iraqi Kurdistan, and ethnic Russians into Siberia and Central Asia.
Text 5
“Modern migrations”
Industrialization
Industrialization encouraged migration wherever it appeared. The increasingly global economy globalized the labor market. The Atlantic slave trade… Transnational labor migration reached a peak of three million migrants per… The United States experienced considerable internal migration related to industrialization, including its African…Text 6
“World War”
See World War II evacuation and expulsion and Population transfer in the Soviet Union for World War II forced migrations.
The Jewish communities across Europe, the Mediterranean and the Middle East were formed from voluntary and involuntary migrants. After the Holocaust (1938 to 1945), there was increased migration to the British Mandate of Palestine, which became the modern state of Israel as a result of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.
Provisions of the Potsdam Agreement from 1945 signed by victorious Western Allies and the Soviet Union led to one of the largest European migrations, and the largest in the 20th century. It involved the migration and resettlement of close to or over 20 million people. The largest affected group were 16.5 million Germans expelled from Eastern Europe westwards. The second largest group were Poles, millions of whom were expelled westwards from eastern Kresy region and resettled in the so-called Recovered Territories (see Allies decide Polish border in the article on the Oder-Neisse line). Hundreds of thousands of Poles, Ukrainians (Operation Vistula), Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians and some Belarussians, were expelled eastwards from Europe to the Soviet Union. Finally, many of the several hundred thousand Jews remaining in Eastern Europe after the Holocaust migrated outside Europe to Israel and the United States.
Part 11. Информатизация общества
Exercise 1. Before reading the text, give Russian equivalent to the following words. Make up sentences with each word.
labor
inspire
civilization
determinism
dimension
highlight
extent
expand
encompass
whereby
discourse
feature
unprecedented
coin
prefer
Exercise 2. Read the text then answer the questions below.
Informatization
The Agricultural Age has brought about the agriculturization of the planet. The Industrial Age has caused among other things the industrialization… The term has mostly been used within the context of national development.… Recently, the technological determinism dimension has been highlighted in informatization. Randy Kluver of Texas…Origin of the term
The term informatisation was coined by Simon Nora and Alain Minc in their publication L'Informatisation de la sociйtй: Rapport а M. le Prйsident de la Rйpublique which was translated in English in 1980 as The Computerization of Society: A report to the President of France. However, in an article published in 1987 Minc preferred to use Informatisation and not computerization.
Exercise 3. Questions under discussing:
1. What does the term “informatization” mean?
2. Who used this term first?
3. Which Ages do you know?
4. How does Everett Rogers define informatization?
5. Has anyone of the observant cautioned about the negative impact of informatization?
6. What helps to minimize cultural and economic barriers?
7. How does G.Wang describe informatization?
8. Who and when coined this term?
Exercise 4. Choose of the definitions, which is the best, in your opinion. Prove your answer. Express your opinion and try to give your own definition of this term.
Exercise 5. Make up a short dialogue with your partner, in which you describe to him this term in your words.
Exercise 6. Say TRUE or FALSE to the following statements. Use information from the text:
1. “Informatization” and “informatisation” mean the same.
2. Informatization means that geographical area, an economy or a polocy is becoming information-based.
3. Everett Rogers states, that informatization develops the usage of new devices and technologies in order to develop the society.
4. G. Wang describes informatization as a process of decrease in the speed, quantity, and popularity of information production and distribution.
5. Alain Minc chose the term computerization instead of Informatisation in an article published in 1987.
Exercise 7. Put the words together:
communication area
cultural technologies
geographical Age
labor force
Agricultural industry
dominant impact
agricultural force
negative development
Exercise 8. Before reading the text, give Russian equivalent to the following words. Make up sentences with each word.
far-reaching propel
repercussion usher
living scarce
view commodity
centrality redefine
arena overlap
participative diminish
issue proliferation
Exercise 9. Read and translate the text.
Social impact of informatization
Informatization has many far-reaching consequences in society. Kim (2004) observes that these include repercussions in economics, politics and other aspects of modern living. In the economic sphere, for example, information is viewed as a focal resource for development, replacing the centrality of labor and capital during the industrial age. In the political arena, there are increased opportunities for participative democracy with the advent of information and communication technology (ICT) that provide easy access to information on varied social and political issues.
Informatization in economic systems
Industrialization propelled transformation of the economic system from agricultural age to modernized economies, and so informatization ushered the industrial age into an information-rich economy. Unlike the agricultural and industrial ages where economics refers to optimization of scarce resources, the information age deals with maximization of abundant resources. Alexander Flor (2008) wrote that informatization gives rise to information-based economies and societies wherein information naturally becomes a dominant commodity or resource. The accumulation and efficient use of knowledge has played a central role in the transformation of the economy.
Globalization and informatization
a) Globalization and Informatization will have great impact on cultural and social consequences of society. b) "Globalization and informatization are likely to diminish the concept… c) On the other hand, globalization and informatization allow for efficient flow of information. Individuals and…Exercise 13. Prepare the summary of the text and then retell it.
Exercise 14. Before reading the text, give Russian equivalent to the following words. Make up sentences with each word.
describe pen
regional entrepreneur
integrate achieve
refer widespread
investment mainstream
migration inception
spread reduction
circulation enormous
acculturation temporal
Globalization
Globalization (or globalisation) describes a process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a globe-spanning network of communication and trade. The term is sometimes used to refer specifically to economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. However, globalization is usually recognized as being driven by a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural, political, and biological factors. The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or popular culture through acculturation.
Definitions
The United Nations ESCWA has written that globalization "is a widely-used term that can be defined in a number of different ways. When used in… Saskia Sassen writes that "a good part of globalization consists of an… Tom J. Palmer of the Cato Institute defines globalization as "the diminution or elimination of state-enforced…Information technology
Today, the term information has ballooned to encompass many aspects of computing and technology, and the __________ has become very recognizable. IT… When computer and communications technologies are __________, the result is… In recent days ABET and the ACM have collaborated to form accreditation and curriculum standards for degrees in…Exercise 19. Read and translate the text. Find out the definitions of the marked words.
Information Age
The Information Age, also commonly known as the Computer Age or Information Era, is an idea that the current age will be characterized by the…The Internet
The Internet was originally conceived as a fail-proof network that could connect computers together and be resistant to any one point of failure;… Though the Internet itself has existed since 1969, it was with the invention… What's more is that the very notion of our actions, our endeavors and especially our mistakes, being perfectly…Progression
The proliferation of the smaller and less expensive personal computers and improvements in computing power by the early 1980s resulted in a sudden… Concurrently during the 1980s and 1990s in the United States, Canada,… Eventually, Information and Communication Technology—computers, computerized machinery, fiber optics, communication…Exercise 21. Speak out about the role of the internet and computers in your life.
Exercise 22. Make up a dialogue, in which you speak about pros and cons of the Internet: a) in your life; b) in the world.
Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
The Internet
Most traditional communications media, such as telephone and television services, are reshaped or redefined using the technologies of the Internet,… The origins of the Internet reach back to the 1960s when the United States… The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage;…Information
Many people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web, or just the Web, interchangeably, but the two terms are not synonymous. The World Wide Web is… World Wide Web browser software, such as Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera,… The Web has also enabled individuals and organizations to publish ideas and information to a potentially large…Communication in our life
E-mail is an important communications service available on the Internet. The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way… Internet telephony is another common communications service made possible by… Voice quality can still vary from call to call but is often equal to and can even exceed that of traditional calls.…Social impact of the Internet
The Internet has enabled entirely new forms of social interaction, activities, and organizing, thanks to its basic features such as widespread… In the first decade of the 21st century the first generation is raised with… The Internet has achieved new relevance as a political tool, leading to Internet censorship by some states. The…Part 12 . Область моих научных интересов
In ancient times science (from the Latin word scientia) meant knowledge or learning. Today we define science as the study of the world around us.… The word "science" probably brings to mind many different pictures:…Exercise 4. Write down 5 your own sentences using words and word combinations from Ex-s 1, 2.
Exercise 5. Say if the following statements are true or false. Correct the false ones.
1) Technology is the use of scientific discoveries. 2) Plants that don’t get sick easily, shots that prevent mumps and measles, X… 3) The behavior of living organisms can predict earthquakes .Exercise 8. Render the text.
Technology
Technology affects the humanity significantly. The human’s usage of technology was begun with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools.… Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. Many… Philosophers debate about the present and future use of technology in the society solving whether technology improves…Science, engineering and technology
Engineering is the goal-oriented process of designing and making tools and systems to exploit natural phenomena for practical human means, often… Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering — although… The exact relations between science and technology in particular have been debated by scientists, historians, and…Exercise 16. Master the active vocabulary.
endure – длиться utility – полезность usability – пригодностьExercise 20. Insert the necessary word. Consult the text.
2. The … knowledge may be used by engineers to create … and machines. 3. Science is the reasoned … or study of phenomena, aimed at discovering… 4. In immediate wake of World War II in the United States it was widely considered that technology was simply "……Exercise 21. Find the meaning of each word.
Exercise 22. Find the synonym of each word.
| 1. plenty of | a) much, b) little, с) enough, d) few |
| 2. to occur | a) to injure, b) to avoid, c) to happen, d) to justify |
| 3. to make | a) to choose, b) to do, c) to master, d) to win |
| 4. believe | a) to respect b) to abolish, c) to deserve, d) consider |
| 5. to care | a) to like, b) to encourage, c) to govern, d) to use |
| 6.to come back | a) to leave, b) to return, c) to retreat, d) to avoid |
| 7. too | a) while, b) almost, c) again, d) also |
Exercise 23. Find the words with similar meanings.
| seldom | peace |
| excellent | to open |
| plenty of | now |
| never | busy |
| useless | to leave |
| to come back | rich |
| full | empty |
| easy | difficult |
| poor | often |
| then | usefull |
| war | always |
| to close | bad |
| free | little |
| to offer | to refuse |
Exercise 24. Read and translate the following word combinations into Russian.
Exercise 25. Play the game.
Word Bingo
Words: foot, language, examination, physics, explanation, mathematics, traffic, invention, history, nature, achievement, time, steam coal, tunnel,… Exercise 26. Read the text again and divide it into four parts. Give titles to these parts choosing the most suitable…ALFRED NOBEL - A MAN OF CONTRASTS
He was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833 but moved to Russia with his parents in 1842, where his father, Emmanuel, made a strong position for… But Nobel was never really concerned about making money or even making… According to Nobel's will the capital was to be safely invested to form a fund. The interest on this fund is to be…Exercise 28. Find the key words to speak about the Nobel prize.
Alexander Graham Bell was born in Edinburgh in 1847. His father was a world-famous teacher of speech and the inventor of a system which he called… In 1866, the nineteen-year-old Bell started thinking about sending tones… "We have to do something to make our telephone work better," Bell used to say again and again.Exercise 31. Read the text to find answers to the given questions.
LITTLE-KNOWN FACTS ABOUT WELL-KNOWN PEOPLE
Albeit Einstein is one of the greatest scientists of our age, yet in his childhood he was slow, shy and backward. He found it extremely difficult to… 2. What kind of life did Einstein lead? Later he became one of the most famous men in the world. The Theory of Relativity brought him fame on five continents.…Part 13 Современные достижения науки. Перспективы развития науки.
Exercise 1.Work with your partner. In your own language, think of four-six words to describe nanotechnology. Compare your words with another pair… Exercise 2.Master the active vocabulary:Exercise 3. Match the highlighted words from the text with the meanings below.
Significance
profit
manufacture
plenty
intelligent
problem
advantage
Exercise 4. Find the English equivalents.
Проблема, промежуточный, хранение, значение, избыток, борьба, нанотехнология, угол конвергенции, достоинство, увеличение, наночастицы, затраты,… Exercise 5.Ask 5 questions about the text.Exercise 7. Translate into English.
2. Продукты, сделанные при помощи нанотехнологии не требуют большего труда и больших затрат. 3. Негативное влияние наночастиц прослеживается перед тем, как они… 4. Существуют потенциальные группы влияния нанотехнологии: проблема здоровья, проблема окружающей среды, общественные…Exercise 10. Answer the questions about the text.
1. What is nanotechnology?
2. What does nanotechnology deal with?
3. In what fields of science has nanotechnology the potential to create many new materials and devices?
4. Is a nanometer one-billionth of a matter?
5. How many approaches are used in nanotechnology?
6. What are they?
7. Have areas of physics such as nanoelectronics, nanomechanics and nanophotonics evolved during the last few decades to provide a basic scientific foundation of nanotechnology?
8. In what scale is nanotechnology the engineering of functional systems?
Exercise 11. Complete the sentences.
2. We can directly control matter .................... 3. There has been much debate on the future ................. 4. Nanotechnology raises many of the same issues such as …................Exercise 20. Answer the questions.
1. What is the International Linear Collider? 2. Is it planned to have a collision energy of 500 GeV or 600 GeV? 3. What is the host country for the accelerator?Exercise 24. Answer the questions.
1. Where is Silicon Valley situated? 2. What does Silicon Valley mean? 3. Why does Silicon Valley continue to be the leading high-tech hub?Exercise 27. Retell the text.
Text 5. Small is beautiful
Exercise 28.Before you start:
How are these things carried from one place to another?
a) electricity b) radio signals с) gas
Exercise 29. Read the text quickly and choose the best title, A, B, or C.
A. The history of cabling and telecommunications. B. A short introduction to optical fibres. С. Uses of glass in industry and technology.5____________________________________________________________
Optical fibres can't be spliced as easily as copper cable. Employees need special training to handle the expensive splicing and measurement equipment.
Exercise 30.Read the text again and match the headings (A-E) with the paragraphs (1-5).
A Training and skills D Price
B Size and weight E Capacity
C Security
Exercise 31. Which paragraphs describe advantages of optical fibres and which describe disadvantages?
Exercise 32. Complete the definitions (1-9) below with the highlighted words in the text.
1. A ________ is one millionth of a metre.
2. The _______ is the distance across a circle.
3. A ________ substance is one that burns easily.
4. ______ means joining the ends of two cables together.
5. To _________ means to start to burn.
6. _________ are tubes for carrying cables.
7. _______ is a common short way of saying 'for each'.
8. ____________means to touch with your hands.
9. ___________ means in a way that produces a good result and doesn't waste time, energy, or resources.
Exercise 33. Write two advantages and two disadvantages of using optical fibres instead of copper cable. Compare your ideas with the rest of the class.
Exercise 34. Use the Internet, magazines, or newspapers to find out about another interesting invention of the last twenty years. Try to find out two advantages and two disadvantages of the invention and tell your class. Decide who found out about the most interesting invention.
Text 6. Big is the Best
Exercise 35. Before you start:
Work in pairs. You have one minute. How many different dams or tunnels can you think of? Compare your answers with the rest of the class.
Exercise 36. Read the text quickly and decide which structure it describes.
a) The Hoover Dam
b) The Arlberg Tunnel
с) The Channel Tunnel
d) The Golden Gate Bridge
The ... is between Britain and France. It's more than 20 kilometres long. It was built by British and French engineers. They started on opposite sides and met in the middle under the sea. They used specially-designed tunnel boring machines (TBMs) to dig the tunnels through the rock under the seabed. TBMs are enormous machines for digging tunnels. The machines used to dig the main tunnels were about 8.5 metres in diameter and 250 metres long. Work started in 1987 and the teams met under the seabed in 1991. It is a rail tunnel. The first passenger train went through in 1994.
Exercise 37. Read the text again and answer the questions (1-9) below.
1. Where is it?
2. What is it?
3. How long is it?
4. Who built it?
5. How did they build it?
6. What are TBMs?
7. How big are TBMs?
8. How long did it take to build?
9. When did it open?
Exercise 38. First, underline the question words in Exercise 3. Then use them to complete these questions.
1. _____ many Roman roads are there in Europe?
2. _____ designed St Paul's Cathedral in London?
3. _____ is the name of the famous bridge in San Francisco?
4. _____ was the Eiffel Tower built?
5. _____ is the Corinth Canal?
Exercise 39. Complete the texts by putting one word in each space. Use the words in the box. Check the meaning of any new words in the glossary or your dictionary.
| ■across ■ around ■ between ■ over ■ through ■ under |
The Panama Canal is a 64km waterway (1)__________ the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Before the canal was opened, ships had to travel thousands of miles (2) ____________ South America. To build the canal, engineers had to dam a major river, and dig a channel (3) ______________ a mountain ridge.
Tower Bridge is an openable bascule bridge, designed by Horace Lones in 1886. It goes (4) ___________ the River Thames in London. Thousands of vehicles drive (5) ________ it every day. Tall ships cannot pass (6) _____ Tower Bridge, instead, the roadway parts and lifts to let them through.
Exercise 40. Write questions about a building, tunnel, or dam. Use who, what,when, where, and how. Make sure you know the answers!
For example: How old is it? Where is it?
Exercise 41. Work with a partner. Ask and answer the questions you wrote in Exercise 6.
Exercise 42. Find out about a major new engineering project. Where is it? What will it do? What problems do the engineers have to solve to build?
Text 7. Gadgets
Exercise 43. Read the descriptions (A-D) of following things.
A. Letter opener clock Desktop clock, thermometer, calendar, and letter opener This gadget has got lots of helpful information -with the added benefit automatic electric letter opener. The LCD…Exercise 44. Read the texts (A-D) again and match the sentences (1-6) below with the gadgets.
1. These two don`t need batteries .
2. This does two things.
3. You use this standing up.
4. You use these lying down.
5. This can tell you how hot it is.
6. You get free batteries with this.
Exercise 45. Complete the definitions (1-7) with the highlighted words in the text. Use the glossary or your dictionary to help you.
1. A _________ is a good thing. 2. A __________ is a triangular block of glass. 3. ____________ are the pieces of glass you look through.Exercise 50. Design a gadget. Choose one of the gadgets below or your own idea. Do a rough drawing of your gadget and write draft information about it. Use your list from Exercise 5 to help you.
- A gadget to cut your toenails without bending over.
- A gadget to exercise your dog without going outside.
- A gadget to keep your younger brother/sister out of your bedroom.
- A gadget to clean your shoes.
Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов
History of nanotechnology
Exercise 51. Read and translate the text.
The first use of the concepts found in 'nano-technology' (but pre-dating use of that name) was in "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom,"…Exercise 52. Ask 6 questions about the text.
Nanomaterials
Exercise 53. Read and translate the text.
A number of physical phenomena become pronounced as the size of the system decreases. These include statistical mechanical effects, as well as…Exercise 54. Give the summary of the text.
Exercise 55.Read and translate the text. Molecular nanotechnology, sometimes called molecular manufacturing, describes… When the term "nanotechnology" was independently coined and popularized by Eric Drexler (who at the time was…Exercise 56. Ask 6 questions about the text.
Collider design
Exercise 57. Read and translate the text.
The electron source for the ILC will use 2-nanosecond laser light pulses to eject electrons from a photocathode, a technique allowing for up to 80%… To compact the 5 GeV electron and positron bunches to a sufficiently small… From the damping rings the particle bunches will be sent to the Superconducting RF main linacs, each 12 km long, where…Exercise 58. Give the summary of the text.
Where have I heard that name before?
Exercise 59. Before you start:
What are these things? What have the words got in common?
| Biro ■ Braille ■ guillotine ■ Hoover ■ Jacuzzi ■ Levis ■ Stetson |
Exercise 60. Put these standard international (SI) units into the correct column.
amp ■ Celsius ■ curie ■ hertz ■ joule ■ kelvin ■ newton ■ ohm ■pascal ■ volt ■ watt
| Chemistry (1) | Electricity (6) | Physics (2) | Temperature (2) |
Exercise 61. Now complete the definitions (1-11) below with the units from Exercise 2 and the people in the box.
Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836) ■ Anders Celsius (1701-1744) Marie Curie (1867-1934) ■ Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) ■ James Prescott… 1. A _________is a unit of pressure equal to onenewton per square metre. It's… 2. A ________ is a unit of force. It`s named after ________ an English mathematician.Albert Einstein
Vocabulary of the text
Grandeur – грандиозность, великолепие, пышность, знатность
Sublimity – возвышенность, величественность
Awe – трепет, благоговение
Boldly – смело, нагло
To baffle – ставить в тупик, сбивать с толку
To climax with – дойти или довести до кульминационного момента
Curvature – кривизна, изгиб, искривление
Cosmology - космология
Unification – объединение, унификация To hinder – мешать, препятствовать, быть помехойIsaac Newton
Vocabulary of the text
Groundwork – фундамент, основа, фон
Celestial motion – небесное движение
Substantiation – доказательство, доказывание
Elliptic - эллиптический
Binomial theorem – бином Ньютона Angular momentum – угловая скорость движения, кинетическая энергия Hamlet – деревня, деревушкаExercise 9. Give the summary of the text.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Vocabulary of the text
Cosmology - космология
Epiphany – богоявление, крещение
Landmark – межевой знак, веха, поворотный пункт
Cleric – духовное лицо, церковник
Axis - ось
Precession - прецессия
Equinox - равноденствие
To resolve the disagreement – разрешать разногласие Pestilence – бубонная чума, мор, эпидемия ,поветрие Incoherency – несвязность, бессвязность, непоследовательностьLomonosov, Mikhail Vasilyevich
Vocabulary of the text
Substantial contribution – значительный вклад
Mosaic - мозаика
Growing thirst – растущая жажда
Penniless – без гроша, безденежный, нуждающийся, бедный
Humble origin – бедное происхождение
To indulge - увлекаться
Corpuscular – корпускулярный, атомный
Prodigious – удивительный, изумительный, громадный, огромный
Dominant thread- доминирующая нить
Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilyevich is aRussian poet, scientist, and grammarian who is often considered the first great Russian linguistic reformer. He… Lomonosov was the son of a poor fisherman. At the age of 10 he too took up… His bitter struggle began as soon as he arrived in Moscow. In order to be admitted to the Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy…Exercise 18. Define what parts of speech the italicized words belong to. Translate the sentences into Russian. Use the dictionary if necessary.
1) Priestley's work was published in 1774. 2) The students of our group work hard at their English.3) He experiments on this substance to make its composition clear. 4) Sheele”s experiments had probably been performed even earlier than Priestley'. 5) Oxygen plays an important role in combustion. 6) The plays by A.P. Chekhov are known all over the world. 7) She looks fine today. 8) His fine work gave good results.
Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleev
Vocabulary of the text
To credit - приписывать
To relocate -переселиться
Tuberculosis - туберкулёз
Restored health – восстановленное здоровье
Capillarity of liquids – капиллярность жидкостей
Tenure – пребывание в должности на длительный срок
Influenza - грипп
Crater - кратер
To be named after smb – быть названным в честь кого-либо
Valence – валентность
Atomic weight – атомный вес
To some extent – в некоторой степени
Chemical properties – химические свойства
To be diffused – быть рассеянным (о свете), распространяться
Magnitude – величина, размеры, важность, значимость
To be amended by – улучшаться, исправляться
Contiguous – соприкасающийся, смежный, прилегающий
To be foretold – быть предсказанным
Adjacent – примыкающий, смежный
Solution - раствор
Dmitriy Ivanovich Mendeleev was a Russian chemist. He is credited as being the primary creator of the first version of the periodic table of… Between 1859 and 1861, he worked on the capillarity of liquids and the… Mendeleev also investigated the composition of oil fields, and helped to found the first oil refinery in Russia.Тексты для самостоятельной работы
1) Степанова Т.А., Ступина И.Ю. Английский язык для химических специальностей. Практический курс. Москва, Издательский центр «Академия», 2006, стр. 12-18, чтение, перевод, пересказ текстов, выполнение всех упражнений.
2) Андрианова Л.Н., Багрова Н.Ю., Английский язык. Учебник для заочных технических вузов. Москва, Высшая школа, 1988, стр. 48-56, чтение, перевод, пересказ текста, выполнение всех упражнений.
Part 15. Экологические проблемы Астраханского региона, России и мира в целом.
OUR FRAGILE WORLD
Warm-up
Exercise 1. Read the poem and say which statement gives the message of the poem.
1. I am the whole world.
2. Every piece of nature is important.
3. I am a part of my planet.
4. I need the same as what the Earth needs.
 |
Reading
trap— ловить
flood— наводнение
are concerned- o6ecпoкоены
oil spills— нефтяные пятна
access— доступ
Destroying forests
Cutting down forest damagesthousands of acres of land every day. The soil can easily be blown away and there is less soil. Even if new trees are planted they cannot bring back the old forest that was part of a complex ecosystem that cleaned the air, trapped flood waters,and made a home for much wildlife.
Waste and chemicals
Most cities produce a lot of wasteevery day. If it is just thrown away or even dug up, it may be around for decades, and could even releasedangerous chemicals into the soil. These poisons can threatenthe lives of the people that are living or working near by. If toxic or poisonous, liquid chemicals are pouredinto the water, it is possible to putlarge populations of people's health at risk.Even people hundreds of miles away can be affected.
Exercise 2. Answer the questions:
Who throws it away?
Is it important to know?
Who pours chemicals?
Is it important?
Is it shown by the form of the verb?
Water and air pollution
Water and air pollution is a very serious threat to our environment. This is the result of human activities: releasing poisonous chemicals, car fumes(the number of cars on our planet has doubled in the course of the last 30 years), throwing litter, oil spills. Polluted air and water affectpeople's health. About 1.4 billion people have no access to safe drinking water. Polluted water also causeswater animals to die.
Global warming
Exercise 3. Look through the texts again and say what according to the texts is: 1. the cause / causes of damage to soils 2. the role of forestsExercise 5. Choose the best Russian equivalent for each of these phrases.
1 trapped flood waters(Text A)'
а) улавливали воды наводнения
б) сдерживали разливы рек
2 poisonous chemicals(Text C)
a) ядовитые химикалии
b) ядовитые химические вещества
3 put at risk(Text B)
а) подвергать риску
б) подставить под риск
4 car fumes(Text C)
а) машинные газы
б) автомобильные выхлопы
5 greenhouse gases(Text D)
а) газы, создающие парниковый эффект
б) парниковые газы
6 global warming(Text 0)
а) глобальное потепление
б) общее согревание
Exercise 6. Choose the correct translation for the words in bold in the text in Ex. 2.
Damages
a) npuнocит noльзy
b) наносит yщepб
Waste
a) продукция
b) отходы
Release
а) поглощать
б) выпускать
Threaten
a) yrpoжать
b) улучшать
Are poured
a) высыпаются
b) сливаются
Affect
а) отрицательно влиять
б) положительно влиять
Causes
a) является причиной
b) является следствием
Exercise 7.Find which of the words CANNOT be used in each sentence.
1. Polluted air threatens / damages / affects / causes our health.
2. Factories and plants release a lot of waste / litter into the water and air.
3. Pouring / Releasing greenhouse gases into the air causes global warming.
4. Cutting down rainforests affects / poisons / damages wildlife.
5. Car fumes pollute / poison / damage the air.
6. Pouring / Releasing / Dropping liquid waste into rivers and seas causes water pollution.
7. Poisoning soils causes / affects a lot of plants to die.
Language work
Exercise 8. Do a survey on how your environment has changed in the last fifteen years and write a list of changes.
• Follow the steps:
1. In your group agree on four or five questions you are going to ask and make a questionnaire. Use the cues in the box or your own ideas.
2. Make a copy of the questionnaire for every student in your group.
3. At home interview your parents, grandparents, older brothers or sisters or neighbours. Take notes of the answers.
4. Write a list of your findings. The verbs in the box will help you.
Example: Two new shops have been built.
 |
Warm-up
Exercise 9. Which do you think is the most common excuse among teenagers for dropping litter?
Exercise 10. Read the article and choose the best title for it.
2. More litter bins in the streets! 3. Teenagers against litterExercise 11. Read the text again and answer the questions.
According to the survey:
1. What age group is mainly responsible for dropping litter?
2. What places are most littered?
3. What are the four reasons for teenagers to drop litter?
Exercise 12. Discuss the following questions in pairs and share your opinion with the class.
1. Do you agree that the reasons mentioned are serious enough to make the teenagers behave like this?
2. Do you think that teenagers are mainly responsible for dropping litter in your home area?
Language work
Exercise 13. Read the examples and choose the right answer to the question from the options in the box.
• Why do you think there is no article with the underlined nouns?
1. Teenagers have admitted they drop litter...
2. The survey found that boys say that putting rubbish in a bin would make them appear "soft" or "uncool".
3. Water and air pollution affects people's health.
 |
Exercise 14. Read the definitions.
litter- waste such as empty packets, bottles and pieces of paper that people have dropped in the street or in a public place
waste— used, damaged or unwanted matter (materials or substances esp. after it has been used for an industrial process
garbage — esp.AmE, rubbish— esp. BrE waste material e. g. from a house or office to be thrown
Exercise 15. Study the grid of possible word combinations and solve the riddles.
1. It is connected to a sink to get rid of dirty water after washing up. 2. They are big and placed outside houses in the backyard. People throw their… into them.How the greenhouse effect works
Exercise 16. Replace the words in italics with a phrasal verb from the box in the correct form. There are two verbs that you won't need.Exercise 17. Underline the correct word in each pair. Then answer the questions with a partner.
1. How many species/forms of birds can you name in English?
2. Which animals may become vanished/extinct in the near future?
3. What kinds of crops are grown/grown up in your country?
4. What do scientists mean by soil/earth erosion and what causes it? Is it a problem in your country?
5. What sort of animals and fish live off the coast/beach of your country, e.g. whales, dolphins?
6. What happens to wildlife if oil tankers dump/drop oil in the seas?
7. Have you had any wildlife catastrophes/misfortunes related to pollution in your country recently?
Exercise 18. Read the text ignoring the gaps for the moment.
1. What information does it give about the causes and effects of global warming?
2. According to the text, what will happen if we don't do something about it now?
Exercise 19. Now complete the exam task. Read the gapped sentences very carefully. Remember, to help you choose the right word, you should:
• pay careful attention to meaning.
• be aware of grammatical patterns such as prepositions after nouns and verbs, and infinitives after verbs.
• look out for collocations and fixed phrases.
• make sure that linking words fit the meaning of the text.
Exercise 20. Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space. There is an example at the beginning (0).
0 A recognized B regarded C registered D represented
GLOBAL WARMING
Studying the changes which are taking (5).....and predicting those that are (6).....to happen in the future is now a major area of scientific… Exercise 21. Read the whole text again and find:Part 16. Научно-технический прогресс. История науки. Знаменательные научные открытия прошлого.
Exercise 1. Read the text.
Water is abundant on Earth today - as a gas, as a liquid, and as a solid. The physical state of water depends on temperature. If the temperature is… vary, its chemical compositions remains the same. Water has some unusual…Exercise 13. Read the text.
CARBOHYDRATES
(a) In solution, glucose, a 6-carbon sugar, can exist in two forms: a straight chain and a ring form. The ring form, in which 5 carbon atoms and an… Biologically important sugars often have a phosphate group attached to the… Several glucose molecules may bond together to build complex carbohydrates called polysaccharides(POL ee SAK uh rydz…– Конец работы –
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