Реферат Курсовая Конспект
Практична фонетика англійської мови - раздел Иностранные языки, Державний Вищий Навчальний Заклад “Запорізький Національний Універси...
|
Державний вищий навчальний заклад
“Запорізький національний університет”
Міністерства освіти і науки України
О.І. Лужаниця
Практична фонетика англійської мови
Навчальний посібник
для студентів І курсу факультету іноземної філології
Затверджено
вченою радою ЗНУ
Протокол № від
Запоріжжя
УДК: 811.111:81'342 (075.8)
ББК:Ш 143.21-923
Л 836
Лужаниця О.І. Практична фонетика англійської мови: Навчальний посібник для студентів І курсу факультету іноземної філології. – Запоріжжя: ЗНУ, 2010. – 75с.
Навчальний посібник містить теоретичні положення, основні поняття, та матеріали для практичного застосування курсу “Практична фонетика англійської мови”.
Призначений для студентів І курсу факультету іноземної філології денного та заочного.
Рецензент Г.І. Приходько
Відповідальний за випуск С.М. Енікєєва
Зміст
Вступ ……………………………………………………………… Part One. The sounds of English: consonants……………………… Noise consonants…………………………………………… Occlusive consonants: stops / plosives [p, b; t, d; k, g]……… Occlusive consonants: affricates [tʃ, dʒ]…………………… Constrictive consonants: fricatives [f, v; θ, ð; s, z; ʃ, ʒ; h] … English sonorants …………………………………………… Occlusive nasal sonorants [m, n, ŋ] ………………………… Constrictive oral sonorants [w, j, l, r] ……………………… Part two. Strong and weak forms …………………………………… Part three. Joining sounds in connected speech……………………… Part four. Stress……………………………………………………… Word stress ………………………………………………… Sentence stress ……………………………………………… Part five. Intonation ………………………………………………… Додаток …..………………………………………………………… Термінологічний словник ………………………………………… Використана література ………………………………………….. |
Вступ
Навчальний посібник призначений для студентів І курсу факультету іноземної філології, денного та заочного відділень (спеціальність “Англійська мова та література”).
Посібник доповнює основний підручник з курсу «Практична фонетика англійської мови» та є необхідною частиною загального курсу з англійської мови. Він містить теоретичні положення та загальні поняття з фонетики, а також тренувальні матеріали для практичного застосування.
Мета навчального посібника полягає в ознайомленні студентів з теоретичними основами фонетики з метою формування когнітивної бази про знакову будову англійської мови; у формуванні та закріпленні стійких навичок правильної англійської вимови. Велика увага приділяється характеристиці звуків англійської мови, особливостям їх артикуляції (ізольовано, а також і у зв'язній мові), роботі над інтонаційними моделями.
Посібник складається з п’яти частин. У першій дані загальні характеристики англійських звуків (приголосних), далі вивчаються процеси асиміляції та адаптації звуків у зв'язній мові, слабі та сильні форми; останні 2 частини присвячені особливостям наголосу (словесного і в реченні) та загальним інтонаційним моделям.
Фактично кожен розділ складається з двох частин. Перша - це теоретична частина, у якій характеризуються звуки та особливості їх вимови; друга - практична, де поданий матеріал для закріплення попередньої і відпрацювання звуків та інтонаційних моделей.
Вимовні навички та вміння студентів відпрацьовуються за допомогою фонетичної зарядки, віршів та інших вправ, направлених на відпрацювання вимови різного роду звукосполучень: однотипних та контрастних звуків, звукосполучень на стику слів, а також на розвиток суцільної вимови слів у фразі та тренування різних інтонаційних зразків.
Part One.
The sounds of English. consonants.
Noise Consonants
Spelling
p – pat
pp – happy
gh – hiccough
Description
[p] is voiceless, strong (fortis), occlusive, bilabial (pronounced with the help of two lips), plosive. You produce it by stopping the airstream with your lips, building up pressure, and suddenly releasing the air.
Note!
· [p] is loud at the beginning of a word, before a vowel and [r], [l]
· [p] is quite at the end of the word, quite and almost silent before a consonant
Production
1. Put your lips together. Press them fairly firmly closed.
2. Build up air pressure in your mouth. Don’t let any air escape through your nose. Keep your teeth slightly apart. Allow the air pressure to force your lips apart making an audible explosion of air.
Spelling
b – boat
bb – rubber
pb – cupboard
Description
[b] is voiced, weak (lenis), occlusive, bilabial (pronounced with the help of two lips), plosive. You produce it by stopping the air stream with your lips, building up pressure, and suddenly releasing the air, using voice.
Note!
· [b] is loud at the beginning of a word, before a vowel and [r], [l]
· [b] is partially devoiced at the end of the word and is quite before a consonant
Production
1. Follow all the steps for [p], but start to produce voice at the same time that your lips close.
2. Don’t press the lips as firmly or hold them together as long as you did for [p].
Spelling
t – to tw – two th – thomas ed – liked | ght – tight tt – tattoo pt – ptomaine bt – doubt |
Description
[t] is voiceless, strong (fortis), occlusive, forelingual apical (pronounced with the help of the blade of the tongue or the tip of the tongue), alveolar (the tongue touches alveolars or the upper teeth), plosive.
Note!
· [t] is loud before a vowel
· [t] is quite at the end of the word and before a consonant
Spelling
d – dog
dd – ladder
ed – poured
Description
[d] is voiced, weak (lenis), occlusive, forelingual apical (pronounced with the help of the blade of the tongue or the tip of the tongue), alveolar (the tongue touches alveolars or the upper teeth), plosive.
Note!
· [d] is loud before a vowel
· [d] is partially devoiced at the end of the word and is quite before a consonant
Spelling
k – key c – cat ck – lock cc – occur ch – echo | qu – queen (with [w]) que – plaque cqu – lacquer kh – khan x – lax (with [s]) |
Description
[k] is voiceless occlusive, backlingual velar (pronounced with the help of the back of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum), plosive.
Note!
· [k] is loud before a vowel and [r], [l].
· [k] is quite at the end of the word and before a consonant
Production
1. Open your mouth slightly.
2. Raise the back of your tongue and press it against the soft palate.
3. Build up air pressure behind the tongue. Don’t let any air escape through your nose.
4. Let the air pressure force your tongue away from the palate. Make sure the release is sudden – an explosion.
Spelling
g – go gg – egg gu – guess | gue – plague x – exam (with [z]) gh – ghost |
Description
[g] is voiced, weak (lenis), occlusive, backlingual velar (pronounced with the help of the back of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum), plosive.
Note!
· [g] is loud before a vowel and [r], [l].
· [g] is partially devoiced at the end of the word and is quite before a consonant
Production
1. Open your mouth slightly.
2. Raise the back of your tongue and press it against the soft palate.
3. Build up air pressure behind the tongue. Don’t let any air escape through your nose.
4. Let the air pressure force your tongue away from the palate. Make sure the release is sudden – an explosion. Produce voice as the tongue begins to block the airstream.
Spelling
ch – chair tch – watch, kitchen tu – nature | ti - question c- cello te – righteous |
Description
[tʃ] is voiceless, strong (fortis), occlusive-noise consonant, affricate, forelingual palato-alveolar apical (pronounced with the help of the blade or the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, while the front of the tongue is raised in the direction of the soft palate).
Note!
[tʃ] is voiceless in all positions.
Production
1. Open your mouth slightly.
2. Place the tip of your tongue against the gum ridge, and lift the sides to touch the teeth, as though you were going to make the sound [t].
3. Build up air pressure.
4. Release the air pressure very suddenly, but only allow a very small portion of your tongue tip to leave the gum ridge. Although you started with [t], you’ll finish with [ʃ].
Spelling
j – jam, judge g – gem, gypsy dg – edge, judge ge – age, George dj - adjacent, adjective | di – soldier, margin, cordial ch – Norwich ld – soldier gg – exaggerate du – gradual |
Description
[dʒ] is voiced, weak (lenis), is voiceless, strong (fortis), occlusive-noise consonant, affricate, forelingual palato-alveolar apical (pronounced with the help of the blade or the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, while the front of the tongue is raised in the direction of the soft palate).
Note!
· [dʒ] is loud word initial position before a vowel, in intervocalic position, or before [r], [l]
· [dʒ] is partially devoiced at the end of the word
Production
Follow the same steps used for [tʃ]. Produce voice as soon as you feel your tongue touch the gum ridge.
Challenge Materials
The passengers of the jet-engine airplane flying to Germany were agitated having become hostages of the hijackers.
Spelling
f – four, fat, definite ff – affair, sniff gh – enough | ph – phone, photo lf – half |
Description
[f] is voiceless, strong (fortis), constrictive fricative, forelingual labio-dental (articulated with the lower lip against the upper teeth).
Note!
[f] is voiceless in all positions.
Production
1. Very lightly, rest the cutting edge of your upper front teeth against your lower lip.
2. Let your tongue rest against the floor of your mouth.
3. Start the breath stream moving, and force it between your lower lip and upper teeth. Don’t allow any air to escape through your nose. Make sure you use a light touch. If you press too hard, not enough air comes through.
Spelling
v – very, vast, cover
f – (only in of)
ph – Stephen, nephew
vv - savvy
Description
[v] is voiced, weak (lenis), constrictive fricative, forelingual labio-dental (articulated with the lower lip against the upper teeth).
Note!
· [v] is loud word initial position before a vowel, in intervocalic position
· [v] is partially devoiced at the end of the word
Production
1. Very lightly, rest the cutting edge of your upper front teeth against your lower lip.
2. Let your tongue rest against the floor of your mouth.
3. Start the breath stream moving, and force it between your lower lip and upper teeth. Don’t allow any air to escape through your nose. Make sure you use a light touch. If you press too hard, not enough air comes through. As soon as you feel your teeth and lip touch, add voice.
Challenge Materials
Seventy seven benevolent elephants
Valour and virtue are opposed to villainy and vulgarity.
Very well, very well, very well … However, however. however…
[s]
Spelling
s – size, snake ss – pass, grass c – lacy, cent cs – scenery, scent | ps – psychology tz- waltz sch – schism x – exit (with [k]) |
Description
[s] – voiceless, strong (fortis), constrictive fricative, forelingual, apical, alveolar (articulated by the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth or the alveolar ridge).
Spelling
s – roses, mews, hose, music
ss – scissors
z – zero, lazy, zoo
zz – dizzy, blizzard
X - exact , Xerox,
Description
[z] – voiced, weak (lenis), constrictive fricative, forelingual, apical, alveolar (articulated by the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth or the alveolar ridge).
Note!
· [z] is partially devoiced in word final positions, e.g. his, lose.
Production
Follow the same steps used for [s]. Start voicing as soon as the air begins to move.
Spelling
th – bath
tth – matthew
Production
1. Open your mouth until your teeth are slightly apart.
2. Round the tip of your tongue. Don’t try to point it too sharply.
3. Place your tongue so that it protrudes very slightly between your upper and lower front teeth.
4. Force the breath stream to come out between your tongue and teeth. Don’t press too tightly; you’ll end up forcing the sound. Don’t let any air escape through the nose.
Spelling
th – with | the – bathe, father |
Description
[ð] is voiced, weak (lenis), constrictive fricative, forelingual, interdental (articulated the same as [θ], but with the voice).
Note!
· [ð] is partially devoiced in word final positions, e.g. breathe, with.
Production
1. Open your mouth until your teeth are slightly apart.
2. Round the tip of your tongue. Don’t try to point it too sharply.
3. Place your tongue so that it protrudes very slightly between your upper and lower front teeth.
4. Force the breath stream to come out between your tongue and teeth. Don’t press too tightly; you’ll end up forcing the sound. Don’t let any air escape through the nose. Add voice as soon as you feel your tongue touch your teeth.
Spelling
sh – shoe, dish, she ch – machine, Chicago chs - fuchsia sch- schedule, schnapps t – nation | c – ocean s – sure, tension ss – assure, fissure sc - fascist x – luxury |
Description
[ʃ] is voiceless, strong (fortis) constrictive fricative, forelingual, apical, palato-alveolar (articulated by the tip and the front of the blade against the back part of alveolar ridge, while the front part is raised in the direction of the hard palate).
Spelling
si – vision s – usual, measure z – seizure, azure | ge – prestige, gendarme, beige j - bijou |
Description
[ʒ] is voiced, weak (lenis), constrictive fricative, forelingual, apical, palato-alveolar (articulated the same as [ʃ], but with the voice).
Note!
· [ʒ] is partially devoiced in word final positions, e.g. prestige, rouge.
Production
Follow the same steps used for [ʃ]. This time add voice at the same instant the air starts to move.
Spelling
wh – who, whole
h – how, ahead, behave, manhood, hot
Description
[h] is voiceless, strong, (fortis), constrictive fricative, glottal (produced with the gloits).
Production
1. There is no special position or movement for [h]. Start with your tongue resting on the bottom of your mouth.
2. Open your mouth; constrict your vocal cords as though you were going to whisper.
3. Force the air out of your mouth. Don’t produce voice, and don’t let any air out of your nose.
OCCLUSIVE NASAL SONORANTS
[m, n, ŋ]
These sounds are articulated with a complete obstruction, thus they are occlusive, with the soft palate lowered when the air escapes through the nasal cavity, and thus they are nasal.
[m]
Spelling
m – mean, man mm – summer, hammer mn – autumn, column | Mb – comb, thumb lm – calm gm - diaphragm |
Description
[m] is occlusive nasal, bilabial sonorant (articulated with the lips slightly pressed together, forming a complete obstruction to the air stream through the mouth cavity; the soft palate is lowered and the air passes out through the nasal cavity).
Notice!
· [m] sounds longer at the end of an isolated word or a sense-group after a short vowel or before a voiced consonsnt or a vowel, e.g.: dim [dim:], lambs [læm:z], mole [m:əul]
· [m] sounds shorter before a voiced consonant, e.g.: lamp.
Production
1. Close your lips, but keep your teeth very slightly apart.
2. Lower your soft palate, and rest your tongue on the floor of the mouth.
3. Produce voice, allowing the air to come out through your nose.
Challenge Materials
Mommy made me eat my M&Ms.
There was a minimum of cinnamon in the aluminum pan.
Meter maid Mary married manly Matthew Marcus Mayo, a moody male mailman moving mostly metered mail.
Mary Mac's mother's making Mary Mac marry me. My mother's making me marry Mary Mac. Will I always be so Merry when Mary's taking care of me? Will I always be so merry when I marry Mary Mac?
[n]
Spelling
n – not, no nn – sunny, penny kn – know, knife | gn – gnaw, sign, gnat pn – pneumonia mn - mnemonic |
Description
[n] is occlusive nasal, forelingual apical alveolar sonorant (articulated with the tongue tip touching the alveolar ridge (apical articulation), forming a complete obstruction to the air stream through the mouth cavity; the soft palate is lowered and the air passes out through the nasal cavity).
Notice!
Like in case with [m] the sonorant [n] may have variants of different length, depending on its position in the word (see [m]).
Production
1. Open your mouth slightly. Place the tip of your tongue on the upper gum ridge. At the same time, place the sides of your tongue along the upper inside surface of the molars.
2. Lower the soft palate so that air can leave via your nostrils.
3. Produce noise.
Challenge Materials
Ann and Andy's anniversary is in April.
You know New York . You need New York . You know you need unique New York .
Ninety-nine new-born babies need ninety-nine new napkins
Near an ear, a nearer ear, a nearly eerie ear.
[ŋ]
Spelling
N + velar consonant
ng – long, tongue, finger, sing, tongue
nk – sink
nc – uncle, anchor
nx – anxious (with [k])
Description
[ŋ] is occlusive nasal, backlingual, velar sonorant (articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) raised and touching the soft palate (the velum), thus forming a complete obstruction to the air stream through the mouth cavity; the soft palate is lowered and the air passes out through the nasal cavity).
Notice!
Like in case with [m, n] the sonorant [ŋ] may have variants of different length, depending on its position in the word (see [m, n]).
Production
1. Open your mouth fairly wide.
2. Place the back of your tongue against your soft palate, as though you were going to say the first sound of the word go.
3. Lower your soft palate, produce voice, and let the air and sound leave through your nose.
CONSTRICTIVE ORAL SONORANTS
[w, j, l, r]
These sounds are articulated with an incomplete obstruction, thus they are constrictive, with the soft palate raised and the air escapes through the mouth, and thus they are oral. When the air stream passes along the sides of the tongue lateral sonorant is formed [l]; if the air goes down the centre of the tongue medial sonorants are formed: [w, j, r].
[w]
Spelling
w – warm, sweet, wet, twelve wh – what, where u after k - quit | u after q – question, liquid u after g – language o - one |
Description
[w] is a constrictive oral medial bilabial sonorant, articulated with the lips forming a round narrowing, the back the tongue being raised towards the soft palate or even higher; the sound is very short and weak.
Notice!
· the words spelt with ‘wh’, such as when, what, why may be pronounced with [hw] or voiceless fortis labio-velar fricative [w]
· when [w] occurs after voiceless consonants [w] is devoiced, e.g.: twelve, queen, square.
Production
1. Round your lips and purse them. Raise the back of your tongue toward the soft palate, but don’t let it touch. Keep your mouth slightly open.
2. Blow air out of your mouth with enough force to make an audible rush of air.
3. As you create the sound, open your mouth slightly. Keep this sound very short. Add voice as soon as you purse your lips; continue to voice it as your lips open slightly.
Spelling
y – yard, yes u – mute, use ie – view ew – few eu – feud | eau – beauty ui – suit ia - familiar io – opinion j - hallelujah |
Description
[j] is a constrictive oral medial medialingual palatal sonorant, articulated with the front of the tongue held against the hard palate at approximately the same height as in [i]; the sides of the tongue being raised; the sound is very short and weak.
Notice!
· [j] after voiceless consonants is partially devoiced, e.g.: pew, tune.
Production
1. Open your mouth slightly.
2. Place the tip of your tongue behind your lower front teeth.
3. Raise the front of your tongue toward the hard palate. Keep the tip in place behind your lower front teeth and pull your lips slightly back.
4. Produce voice and let your tongue and lips glide to the position of the next sound. Don’t let any air out your nose.
Challenge Materials
Young Frankenstein yearned fir used electrodes from Uganda to restore his youthful looks.
More than a few army units situated in Europe reduced unusually yields of uranium.
Some musicians use popular folk tunes to produce music which goes beyond the usual.
Onions grown in the yard usually produce yearnings for yeasty bouillons.
You can be a Yo Yo hero.
[l]
Spelling
l – like, glad, left
ll – tall
ln – kiln
Description
[l] is a constrictive oral lateral, fore-lingual apical alveolar sonorant (articulated with the tongue tip touching the alveolar ridge (apical articulation) sonorant.
Note!
[l] has two variants in English:
· clear [l] used before vowels and [j], e.g.: lesson, live, value
· dark [l] used before consonants and word final positions, e.g.: children, bell.
Spelling
r – run, red rr – berry, ferry wr – write, wrong | rh – rhythm linking r – far away, poor animal |
Description
[r] is a constrictive oral medial, forelingual, cacuminal, post-alveolar sonorant, articulated with the tongue tip raised towards the back part of the alveolar ridge, forming a rather wide air passage, while the front of the tongue is to some extend depressed (cacuminal articulation).
Note!
[r]in south-east England, South Africa and Australia is silent when there is no vowel following it, e.g.; wonderful [`wʌndə,ful], marvelous [`ma:vələs], understand [,ʌndə`stænd].
Production
1. Open your mouth slightly. Protrude your lips just a bit.
2. Raise the tip of your tongue to a point slightly behind the gum ridge, but don’t make contact. At the same time, spread the sides of your tongue so that they touch the upper teeth. You don’t want air to escape from the sides of your mouth.
3. Produce voice.
Part Two.
Part three.
Part four.
DEGREES OF WORD STRESS
English is commonly believed to have three levels of stress – primary stress (in stressed syllable), secondary stress (in half-stressed syllables), and weak (in unstressed syllables).
The mark (`) is used to indicate primary stress, secondary stress is marked by (,). A large group of polysyllabic simple words nave both primary and secondary word stresses, eg ,conver`sation.
Position of the word stress
Word stress in English as well as in Ukrainian is free, in the sense that the primary stress is not tied to any particular syllable in all the words. But it always falls on a particular syllable of any given word. The position of the word stress is the product of its historical development.
Part five.
Intonation
In linguistics, intonation is variation of pitch while speaking which is not used to distinguish words. Intonation and stress are two main elements of linguistic prosody.
In English there are 3 main tones:
- the falling tone
- the rising tone
- the level tone
The use of the falling tone
The falling tone is used in the following communicative types of sentences: (1) in categoric statements, or assertions; (2) in special questions; (3) in commands: (4) in exclamations (or statement-like exclamations); (5) in sentences expressing offers to do something or suggestions that something should be done.
The use of the rising tone
The rising tone is used in the following communicative types of sentences: (1) in general questions; (2) in requests; (3) in non-categoric statements, or in sentences in which something is implied; (4) in greetings pronounced on parting; (5) in special questions expressing a friendly interest in the hearer or forming a series, as if in a questionnaire, or implying a mild reproach; (6) in questions expressing a request to repeat a previously made statement; (7) in echoing questions.
The use of the level tone
The level tone is used in sentences pronounced when the speaker stops to think, when he hesitates, when he pronounces the sentence with indifference, when he does nor know what to say, or when he speaks to himself without paying any attention to the listener, and in reciting poems.
There are exceptions, so all types of sentences should be analyzed in a detail.
TYPES OF SENTENCES AND INTONATION PATTERN
Intonation in suggestions.
1. The common intonation pattern in suggestions is the High Fall, e.g.:
`Let me `read!
`Let's `go `home!
2. The rising tone in suggestions is an emphatic usage, the speaker sounds friendly
`Have a ֽholiday, Mrs. `Bloggs!
`Stop ֽwashing, Mr. `Wong!
Intonation in thanks, responses
In thank you and replies to thank you phrases the intonation goes down at the end as in most widely used statements, which express finality, completeness, and definiteness.
- Thank you.
- You are welcome.
- My pleasure.
– Конец работы –
Используемые теги: Практична, Фонетика, англійської, мови0.068
Если Вам нужно дополнительный материал на эту тему, или Вы не нашли то, что искали, рекомендуем воспользоваться поиском по нашей базе работ: Практична фонетика англійської мови
Если этот материал оказался полезным для Вас, Вы можете сохранить его на свою страничку в социальных сетях:
Твитнуть |
Новости и инфо для студентов