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INTERNATIONAL TRADE

INTERNATIONAL TRADE - раздел Образование, Лексического материала учебника Read The Text And Write Short Headings: _________________________...

Read the text and write short headings:

_________________________

International trade can be defined as the exchange of goods and services between different countries. Depending on what the country produces or needs, it can export or import. The basic idea of international trade and investment is simple: each country produces goods or services that can be either produced at home or exported to other countries.

_________________________

Basically countries trade with each other because they are better at producing certain things than others. Nations may have advantages in producing goods or services because of factors of production: raw materials, climate, division of labour, economies of scale, etc. Climatic variations among countries offer different possibilities for agriculture.

_________________________

It is easy to understand why nations import goods they cannot produce. But why are clothing, toys and cars imported if they are also made in the country? There are two answers: quality and price. A country that specializes in making a certain product may produce goods of such quality that buyers abroad prefer them to the domestically produced goods. The Swiss, e.g., have long specialized in making watches. The success of imports is also connected with lower prices. The workfoce in China, South Korea and Taiwan is cheap and as a result the goods made in Asia are cheaper. Sometimes a country is able to produce goods more cheaply because it has newer and more efficient production facilities.

__________________________

The transfer of goods is only one aspect of the international balance of payments. A country gets payments not only for the goods it sells to other countries, but also for the services it offers them. These are some of the most important sources of invisible exports and imports: foreign travel, international transportation, banking insurance, foreign investment.

__________________________

Governments are interested in monitoring their country’s foreign trade. Most countries are keen to develop their export trade to increase their earnings of foreign exchange. At the same time they prefer to keep down the flow of imported goods to reduce the loss of foreign exchange. Governments impose tariffs and quotas to protect their country’s strategic industries-notably agriculture and growing industries until they are large enough to achieve economies of scale and strong enough to compete internationally.

__________________________

Tariffs are taxes or duties on goods as they cross an international border. For example, in Trinidad and Tobago protection tariffs have been placed on motor vehicles to protect the region’s young automobile assembly industry. Tariffs make imported goods more expensive than home-produced goods. They get a price advantage and this makes the consumer less keen to buy imported goods. Another purpose of imposing tariffs is to raise money for the government.

__________________________

Another instrument of control is quotas. It is the maximum quantity of a product that may be admitted in a country during a certain period of time. Quotas are usually applied to commodities that exceed the world demand. By setting quotas, country limits the amount of goods that may be imported. Yet unlike tariffs, quotas provide no revenue for the government. Many countries have a «negative list» of goods which are not allowed to be imported. Import controls are often imposed to encourage the production of particular kinds of goods within the country.

________________________

Today, many different kinds of groups attempt to regulate international trade. The United Nations has several agencies and commissions working on trade-related problems. Some multilateral organizations concentrate on specific trade-related problems, e.g. the World Intellectual Property Organization. But at the core of all of them are the IMF, the World Bank, and the WTO, founded in the 1940s.

________________________

A great number of countries set up commodity trade agreements, such as the International Coffee Agreement and the International Sugar Agreement to solve the problems of price fluctuations. Under such an agreement sugar-producing countries are allowed to sell a certain amount of sugar to the EEC at guaranteed prices. Organization of Petroleum exporting Countries (OPEC) was set up in an attempt to maintain oil prices for the benefit of the producing countries.

________________________

The European Community was founded in order to create a common market in which tariffs and quotas between member countries would be progressively eliminated. Many steps have been taken to create a single European market, free of physical, technical and fiscal barriers.

 

Retell and discuss the text.

Task 12. Questions for discussion.

1. International organisations concerned in trade.

2. Why do countries trade with each other?

3. How do countries protect domestically produced goods?

4. How do countries establish their products in a foreign market?

5. Why do companies use services of agents?

6. In what case do they set up joint ventures?

7. What is the aim of WTO?

8. What is protectionism?

9. Why do nations restrict trade?

10. What has Russia traditionally exported and imported?

 

Unit 10. Company Performance(SB, p. 96–103)

Vocabulary Notes

Management accounts – отчеты руководства (о работе компании);

To provide data – предоставлять данные/информацию;

Operational efficiency – производственная эффективность;

Financial accounts – финансовая отчетность;

Financial performance – финансовые показатели; результаты финансовой деятельности;

Revenue, n. – доходы; годовой доход;

Cost, n. – издержки; затраты;

To make profits – получать прибыль;

Losses, pl. – убытки;

To suffer losses – нести убытки;

Listed companies – зарегистрированные на фондовой бирже компании, имеющие право продавать акции;

To present accounts to the public – представлять отчеты населению;

Annual report – годовой отчет;

To trade the stock publicly – продавать акции населению; открыто продавать акции;

Financial affairs – финансовые дела;

To perform a useful function – выполнять полезную функцию;

To transmit information – передавать информацию;

Investing public – люди инвестирующие в ценные бумаги;

To have a stake in the business – иметь долю в бизнесе;

Stakeholders – долевые владельцы;

Auditor ’report – отчет аудитора;

Financial statements and notes – финансовые счета и пояснения;

Selected financial data – выборочные финансовые данные о финансовом положении компании;

Financial highlights – основные финансовые показатели деятельности компании;

Corporate message – послание компании своим акционерам; отражение основных направлений деятельности компании;

Stockholders information – информация для акционеров;

Optional elements – элементы годового отчета по усмотрению компании;

SEC-required elements – обязательные элементы отчета, включаемые по требованию комиссии по ценным бумагам и биржам;

SEC – комиссия по ценным бумагам и биржам;

To administer the activities of US stock exchanges – контролировать деятельность фондовых бирж в США;

GAAP – generally accepted accounting principles – общепринятые / общепризнанные принципы бухгалтерии;

The financial statements are complete and reliable – финансовая отчетность исчерпывающая и достоверная;

Validity, n. – действенность; юридическая достоверность; законность;

To comply with – следовать (инструкциям, правилам); подчиняться;

Statement of earnings, Am. E. – отчет о прибылях и убытках;

Profit and loss account, Br. E.

Statement of cash flows, Am. E. – отчет о движении наличных средств;

Cash flow statement, Br. E. Cash flow – движение денежной наличности; движение ликвидности;

Lifeblood – жизненная сила;

Short-term, temporary investments – краткосрочные временные инвестиции;

To be converted to cash – переводить в денежную наличность;

At a set date – на определенный день;

A snapshot – моментальный снимок;

Assets – активы; все имущество компании и денежные средства, которые принадлежат компании;

Liabilities – пассивы; средства, которые компания должна выплатить;

Stockholders’ equity – акционерный капитал;

Statement of financial position, Am. E. – балансовый отчет;

Balance sheet, Br. E.

Gross profit – валовой доход;

Net earnings/net income – чистая прибыль;

Management discussion – анализ эффективности методов руководства;

To cover results of operations – включать результаты производственной деятельности;

The adequacy of resources to fund operations – достаточность ресурсов для финансирования производства;

To reflect the business philosophy – отражать философию ведения бизнеса;

To lay out the company direction – представить; обрисовать направление работы компании;

To cover the company's lines of business – освещать направления деловой активности компании;

Mission, n. – цель компании; предназначение;

To give a quick summary – дать сжатую информацию;

A short table accompanied by supporting graphs – краткая таблица с прилагаемыми графиками.

 

Task 1. Read and translate the text. on p.98 and answer the following questions:

What information do annual reports contain?

What elements are optional and what elements are required by SEC?

What is SEC?

What does the auditor's report show? Who prepares it?

What does the report of management state?

What does it take responsibility for?

What do financial statements and notes cover?

What does the statement of earnings show?

What does the statement of cash flow report?

What is cash for a company?

What cash equivalents can be used?

Why is the statement of financial position compared to a snapshot?

What does it show?

Where can you find how the company performed during previous years?

What does the selected financial data include?

What part of the annual report analyzes the company’s performance?

What does it cover?

What do optional elements include?

Where can shareholders find the names of the top management team?

What can you find in the back of the annual report?

What does this information cover?

Who is the letter to stockholders from?

What does it provide?

What does the letter to stockholders reflect?

What part of the report may be considered an advertisement for the company? Why?

What does corporate message reflect?

What else does it cover?

What is the most often-read section of any annual report?

Why? How are the figures presented?

 

Speak about different sections of an annual report and the information they contain.

Task 2. Translate into English using the vocabulary from the text:

1. Если компания стремится работать эффективно и строить планы на будущее, ей необходимо знать насколько продуктивна её деятельность. Такую информацию можно найти в отчетах руководства компании.

2. Финансовые отчеты дают информацию не только о доходах компании, но также и о затратах, т. е. сколько компания должна заплатить, чтобы работать стабильно.

3. Поскольку современный бизнес становится все сложнее, компании стремятся получить квалифицированные рекомендации специалистов, которые анализируют возникающие проблемы и находят пути их решения.

4. Компании, которые участвуют в торгах на фондовой бирже и продают свои акции населению, обязаны публиковать свои годовые отчеты, в которых содержится всесторонняя информация о результатах деятельности компании.

5. Годовой отчет готовится руководством компании и анализирует работу компании в течение года, а также состояние её финансовых дел. Он передает эту информацию своим акционерам и всем тем, кто готов инвестировать в компанию.

6. В США существует специальная комиссия по ценным бумагам и биржам, в обязанность которой входит контроль и руководство работой фондовых бирж. Все финансовые отчеты обязательно включают данные, требуемые этой комиссией.

7. Основная финансовая часть отчета включает такие разделы как отчет о прибылях и убытках, отчет о движении денежной наличности, балансовый отчет, валовой доход и чистую прибыль компании.

8. Вся финансовая отчетность должна быть в соответствии с требованиями SEC и другими юридическими нормами. Руководство компании несет ответственность за юридическую достоверность финансовых данных годового отчета.

9. Чаще всего акционеры читают раздел отчета об основных финансовых показателях компании, в которых содержится краткое изложение результатов работы компании.

Эти цифры обычно появляются в кратких таблицах и сопровождаются наглядными графиками. Это помогает акционерам проще узнать перспективу размеров дивидендов по акциям.

10. Некоторая информация в годовом отчете рассматривается как реклама компании. Но она крайне необходима, поскольку отражает взгляды компании на свою деятельность о направлениях деловой активности компании, её рынках, целях, философии руководства, корпоративной культуре, стратегических направлениях.

 

Task 3.

Reading.Read the text below and number the events in the correct order. Start with (1) for the first event.

a) Mr. Pischetsrieder becomes chairman.

b) Joachim Milberg begins his new job.

c) BMW buys Rover.

d) BMW holds an extraordinary meeting.

e) Mr. Pischetsrieder's resignation is announced.

f) BMW agrees to keep the Longbridge factory open.

 

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